Ductile Iron Foundry in China: Luokaiwei | Pipes, Fittings & Covers

Jincheng Jingang Luokaiwei Pipe Industry Co., Ltd (commonly Luokaiwei) is a leading Chinese foundry specializing in ductile iron products. Established in 2002 in Jincheng City, Shanxi Province, Luokaiwei is part of the Jingang (Jincheng Steel Holding) Group, a large integrated steel and resources conglomerate. The company focuses on manufacturing ductile iron pipes, fittings, and manhole covers. Over two decades it has built modern foundry facilities and a skilled workforce, enabling an annual production capacity on the order of 300,000 tons of ductile iron pipe. As a subsidiary of Jingang Group, Luokaiwei benefits from a complete industrial chain (coking, steelmaking, power, etc.) and carries the group’s business philosophy of “integrity, quality, and service”. Its products serve municipal water and sewage systems, industrial pipelines, gas distribution, and infrastructure projects worldwide.

Product Range

Luokaiwei offers a comprehensive range of ductile iron products. Its main products include centrifugal-cast ductile iron pipes, a wide variety of pipe fittings, and manhole covers. Specifically, the company supplies DI pipes in standard diameters (typically from about DN80 up to DN1200 or larger) with pressure classes from K7 through K12 (10–65 bar, depending on grade). Pipe fittings cover all common types: bends/returns, tees, crosses, concentric and eccentric reducers, off-takes and spools (junction pieces), flange adapters, couplings (mechanical joints, push-on), and special pieces. Manhole covers and frames (round or square) are produced in all load classes (for example, B125, D400, E600) to meet various traffic and utility needs. Luokaiwei also offers complete flange kits, sleeves, and “sleepers” (pipe anchors) to accompany its piping systems.

Above: Example ductile iron pipe classes (K–grades) with typical wall thickness and pressure ratings. Luokaiwei supplies all these classes with corresponding coatings and linings.

Manufacturing Capabilities

Luokaiwei operates a modern ductile iron foundry equipped for full in-house production. Pipe production is done by centrifugal casting, where molten spheroidal graphite iron (melted in electric induction furnaces) is poured into rotating molds. This process creates pipes with uniform wall thickness and superior properties. Each pour is followed by heat treatment (austempering) to achieve the ductile iron microstructure. Fittings and covers are made by sand casting (sometimes with cores for hollow shapes) in state-of-the-art molds and molds cleaning/finishing machines. After casting, all pieces undergo heat-treatment, followed by CNC machining of flanges and seating surfaces to precise tolerances.

The foundry’s scale is significant: Luokaiwei’s ductile iron operations are housed in the JinSteel Intelligent Manufacturing Park in Bagong, Jincheng – a 300-acre complex developed with a 600-million RMB investment. This reflects Jingang Group’s commitment to advanced, green casting technology and automation. As part of this large-scale facility, Luokaiwei has abundant melting capacity and modern equipment, enabling it to cast large diameter pipes and heavy manhole covers continuously. The integrated steel group affiliation ensures ample supply of pig iron and alloys for production. Together, these capabilities allow Luokaiwei to produce all standard models plus custom sizes on demand. No matter the order volume – from small trial batches to multi-thousand-ton contracts – Luokaiwei’s plant layout and equipment ensure it can handle the job.

Luokaiwei’s emphasis on R&D and continuous improvement also means it can innovate. The company can cast special alloys or material grades upon request (for instance, high-ductility ADI grades), and it experiments with new coatings and linings to meet customer requirements. In essence, Luokaiwei combines traditional foundry processes (casting, alloying, heat treatment) with modern scale and technology, giving it full production capability across all ductile iron pipe, fitting, and cover models and sizes.

Quality Control and Standards

Quality control at Luokaiwei is rigorous and comprehensive. The company states that “each product has been strictly tested” before shipment. In practice, the foundry enforces a full QA/QC process. Incoming raw materials (pig iron, steel scrap, ferroalloys) are sampled and spectro-analyzed to ensure chemical composition meets specifications. Molten iron chemistry (magnesium content, etc.) is closely controlled for proper spheroidization. Cast parts are inspected for dimensional accuracy and defects (automatic vision checks and manual quality audits).As shown above, Luokaiwei showcases numerous quality certificates (ISO, environmental, API, etc.) and even customer testimonials. Internally, the factory performs sample pours (trial castings) before a new batch run, and conducts final inspections on every casting. According to their FAQs, “pre-production samples [are made] before mass production” and they carry out “final inspection before shipment”. Any casting that fails to meet material or dimensional requirements is rejected or reworked. In fact, they note that “unqualified products will be destroyed,” highlighting zero-tolerance for defects.

Key tests include mechanical and pressure tests. Ductile iron pieces are tested for tensile strength, yield, elongation, and hardness. (Typically, ductile iron pipe achieves ~420–600 MPa tensile strength and about 8–12% elongation.) Impact toughness is also measured, as ductile iron must absorb energy without brittle failure (values ≥10 J at room temperature are common). For pipes, hydrostatic pressure testing is mandatory: for example, ISO 2531 requires testing pipes to at least 1.5× the working pressure (often up to 50 bar for medium-sized pipes). Luokaiwei’s own documentation confirms their K9-class pipes meet ISO 2531 hydraulic test requirements and China’s GB/T 13295-2019 (pressure-based) standard. Coating and lining quality is also checked (thickness, adhesion) – cement mortar lining coverage is verified, and fusion epoxy is tested to ensure corrosion protection.

Critically, all of these inspections and tests follow international standards. Luokaiwei’s production adheres to major ductile iron standards (ISO, EN, AWWA) for dimensions and testing. For example, their pipe diameters and wall-thickness classes are designed per ISO 2531 and EN 545 standards, and they comply with relevant AWWA (American) norms like C151 for pipe thickness classes. In this way, their products are interchangeable with any global ductile iron pipeline system. Case notes indicate that Luokaiwei’s ductile pipes are certified for ISO/EN/AWWA compliance, ensuring quality on par with Western manufacturers. Through stringent process control and certification, Luokaiwei guarantees that every pipe, fitting, and cover shipped meets or exceeds customer and international quality benchmarks.

Customer Service and Global Reach

Luokaiwei is oriented toward global customers and emphasizes service as much as production. The company offers 24/7 support and free quotations, responding to inquiries via email, phone, or messaging round-the-clock. Inquiries are handled swiftly by technical sales staff; they explicitly promise “fast response” and advice even if an order is not immediately placed. Price quotes, technical details, and engineering assistance are provided promptly and at no charge, reflecting their motto of “customer above all”.

The foundry also welcomes visits and audits by clients: as they state, global customers are “welcome… to visit our factory”. To facilitate sample evaluation, Luokaiwei provides free samples of products upon request. According to their FAQs, samples can be sent at no cost and custom parts can be produced to a customer’s drawing for testing. This customer-focused approach extends to customization and OEM: if a buyer needs pipes or parts with specific dimensions, coatings, or even logo/nameplate stamping, Luokaiwei can implement these requirements.

On the logistics side, Luokaiwei handles international shipping professionally. Finished goods are packed for export: typically, pipes are bundled, fitted with wooden ends or caps, and banded onto wood pallets or inside containers. Manhole covers and fittings are boxed or strapped to avoid movement. The company arranges freight forwarders to ship by sea (containers or break-bulk) or land as needed. All necessary export documentation is provided – this includes material test certificates (MTCs), compliance certificates, insurance paperwork, and any country-specific docs. Luokaiwei can ship under various Incoterms (FOB, CIF, DDP, etc.) per customer preference, making global procurement straightforward.

The effectiveness of this global approach is evident in Luokaiwei’s export footprint. Case reports note that the Jingang Luokaiwei steel group has shipped K9 ductile iron pipes to over 46 countries worldwide, including markets in Europe, Africa, Asia, and the Americas. The products are used, for example, in water projects in Africa and gas pipelines in Central America (as cited in project case studies). In short, Luokaiwei combines Chinese manufacturing scale with international trade professionalism. Clients worldwide benefit from fast communication, reliable supply chains, and product support, making Luokaiwei a true global supplier of ductile iron solutions.

Comparative Advantages Over Other Foundries

When compared to other ductile iron foundries in China, Luokaiwei has several unique strengths. First, its scale and backing are noteworthy: with a production base inside a 300-acre, 600M RMB industrial park, Luokaiwei’s annual output (~300,000 tons) far exceeds that of many smaller foundries. This scale means Luokaiwei can absorb large orders and offer economies of scale to customers. In contrast, many local foundries produce only tens of thousands of tons per year and may struggle with large contracts.

Second, quality systems set Luokaiwei apart. They adhere to a wide set of standards (ISO, EN, AWWA) and maintain ISO 9001-based QA/QC systems, whereas some smaller factories may only meet minimal local requirements. Luokaiwei’s philosophy of “quality first” and its certificates (quality management, environment, API approvals, etc.) underscore this commitment. By handling all key tests in-house and destroying any failing parts, they ensure consistently high reliability – a level of rigor that not all competitors match.

Third, Luokaiwei emphasizes responsiveness and service. As mentioned, they provide free quotes 24/7, quick sample turnaround, and personalized OEM support. Many competitors, by contrast, may have slower response times and charge for samples or engineering. In practice, this means Luokaiwei can often deliver answers and prototypes in days, not weeks, easing project timelines.

Fourth, in terms of lead time and logistics, Luokaiwei’s efficiency gives it an edge. Typical foundry lead times worldwide run 8–12 weeks or more due to complex casting schedules. Luokaiwei’s high-capacity lines and inventory management allow it to fulfill orders more quickly in many cases, especially for standard items.

The table below summarizes these comparative points:

In summary, Luokaiwei combines large-scale, modern production with stringent quality control and proactive service. Its strengths in experience, stable supply chain, R&D capability, and testing rigor (illustrated above) enable it to compete favorably with even the best-known foundries【29†】. Customers benefit from high-performance ductile iron products delivered quickly and backed by international compliance – advantages that make Luokaiwei stand out in China’s foundry sector.

Frequently Asked Questions

Q1: What is ductile iron and how is it manufactured?
Ductile iron (also known as nodular cast iron or spheroidal graphite iron) is a type of cast iron renowned for its high strength, toughness, and flexibility. Unlike gray cast iron, ductile iron’s graphite is in spherical nodules (achieved by alloying the melt with magnesium or rare earth elements), which gives it superior mechanical properties. In practice, molten pig iron is first melted and degassed in an induction or cupola furnace, and then magnesium (often as ferrosilicon-magnesium alloy) is added while stirring. This causes the carbon in the iron to form round graphite nodules rather than flakes. The alloy is then poured for casting.

Manufacturing ductile iron pipes involves centrifugal casting. In this process, molten ductile iron is poured into a rapidly spinning (rotating) mold. The centrifugal force pushes the molten metal outward, forming a pipe on the inner surface of the mold. This yields pipes with uniform wall thickness and very few internal defects. After casting, the pipe is cooled and removed from the mold. It then undergoes heat treatment (typically austempering) to develop the final metallurgical structure. Ductile iron pipe manufacturing must control the chemical composition and cooling rate to meet standards. Fittings and manhole covers are usually made by sand casting (molding the part in sand) or other casting methods, and they are later machined and finished.

The result of these processes is a material with mechanical strength comparable to steel and high ductility. For example, typical ductile iron pipe steel has a tensile strength ranging from roughly 420 to 600 MPa, with elongation around 8–12%. Its elongation can exceed 10%, meaning the material can stretch significantly without breaking. This combination of high tensile strength and good elongation makes ductile iron pipe capable of withstanding high internal pressure and resisting cracking. That is why ductile iron has largely replaced older cast irons in infrastructure: it can handle greater loads and dynamic stresses (like soil movement or traffic vibration) without failure. It also offers excellent wear and corrosion resistance when properly lined or coated.

In summary, ductile iron is produced by melting and alloying cast iron with magnesium to form nodular graphite, then casting (often centrifugally for pipes) and heat-treating the results. The manufacturing controls ensure the pipes have a precise diameter and wall thickness per standards, with strong, tough metal in the walls. The end product is a durable, ductile pipe ideal for demanding water, sewer, gas, and industrial pipelines.

Q2: What ductile iron products and services does Luokaiwei provide?
Luokaiwei specializes in a broad product line of ductile iron piping components. This includes centrifugal-cast ductile iron pipes of various diameters and pressure classes, mechanical fittings, and manhole covers and accessories. Its ductile iron pipe offerings cover standard series such as K7 (C25) through K12 (C64), which correspond to nominal pressure ratings from about 10 to 65 bar. The company can produce straight pipes with flanges or bell-and-spigot joints (push-on rubber seals) conforming to ISO/AWWA and other international standards.

In terms of fittings, Luokaiwei manufactures all the usual types needed for pipe networks:

• Elbows and Bends: 45°, 90°, or custom angles for changing direction.

• Tees and Crosses: T-shaped and cross fittings for branch connections.

• Reducers: Concentric and eccentric reducers to connect different pipe sizes.

• Flange Adaptors and Clamps: For joining pipe to valves or flanged ends.

• End caps and sleeves: For blocking off or repairing pipelines.

• O-ring, mechanical and push-on couplings: Rubber-sealed joints for flexibility.
  Each fitting is cast to the required shape and then machined at flanges or spigots. Luokaiwei can produce these fittings in both short-run custom shapes or large batches, depending on project needs.

The company also makes manhole covers and frames in ductile iron. These are cast to standard sizes (e.g. 600×600 mm round or square, 750×750, etc.) and rated for typical load classes (B125, C250 for pedestrian/light traffic; D400, E600 for vehicular traffic). Covers are covered with anti-slip surfaces and can include bolt locking if required. Both painted (water pipe blue, traffic gray) and unpainted options are available.

Importantly, Luokaiwei offers customization and OEM services across its product range. Customers can request special dimensions, non-standard patterns, or proprietary designs. The company’s sales literature emphasizes that it “provides personalized solutions” and can tailor products to any special specifications. In practice, this means Luokaiwei will work from client drawings or samples. They often supply free sample pieces so engineers can test critical parts. Customers can specify things like a company logo embossed on the cover or a special epoxy lining type. Luokaiwei will then modify its patterns or molds accordingly. This OEM flexibility allows the foundry to act as a contract manufacturer: for example, they have produced grooved pipe fittings, customized tees, and branded manhole covers under clients’ labels.

All Luokaiwei ductile iron products feature robust corrosion protection. Pipes are cement-mortar lined internally (to prevent rust and improve flow) and painted or zinc-sprayed on the outside. For instance, one K9-class water pipe is specified with a 130 g/m² zinc coating plus 70 μm bituminous paint on the exterior, along with an internal cement lining. Similar coatings can be applied to fittings and covers (e.g. bitumen or epoxy), depending on the application. Standard protective linings (fusion-bonded epoxy per AWWA C210, or cement mortar per ISO 4179) are used to ensure long service life.

In summary, Luokaiwei’s product range covers all standard ductile iron pipe sizes and fittings, plus manhole access sets, with the ability to customize each item. Their offerings comply with international specs (ISO 2531/EN 545 for pipes, for example), and they can meet any project requirement from water supply lines to wastewater or gas systems. The company explicitly advertises that “no matter what type of ductile iron [product] you need, we will do our best to meet your needs”. This combination of comprehensive inventory and flexible manufacturing makes Luokaiwei a one-stop source for pipeline infrastructure components.

Q3: How does international shipping of ductile iron products work?
Shipping heavy ductile iron items from China to overseas customers is a complex logistics process, and Luokaiwei has developed standard procedures to handle it smoothly. Generally, small to medium-sized orders of pipes or fittings are loaded into 20-ft or 40-ft shipping containers. Pipes are first bundled in short lengths (often 6 meter sections) and secured on wooden pallets or cradles, with wooden end caps to protect the threads or spigots. They are bound with steel straps and shrink-wrap or painted to prevent rust. Fittings and manhole covers are often boxed or stacked on pallets, wrapped in plastic or coated with greases if they will be stored. For very large diameter pipes (exceeding container dimensions), the company arranges break-bulk or flat-rack shipping, securing the pipes on a container frame with custom braces and marine protective coverings.

Luokaiwei works closely with international freight forwarders to handle the export documentation. They prepare full sets of documents including commercial invoice, packing list, bill of lading, and Certificate of Origin. Crucially, material test certificates (MTCs) and quality certificates (e.g. ISO 9001, pressure test reports) are issued for each batch so that overseas customers can verify compliance on arrival. The goods are insured during transit as needed. The company can ship under various Incoterms (FOB, CIF, etc.) at the buyer’s request. In practice, many customers use FOB Shanghai terms: Luokaiwei delivers to port and handles export clearance, and the buyer or their forwarder arranges sea freight and import clearances. However, for inexperienced buyers, Luokaiwei can also quote CIF (cost-insurance-freight) or DDP (delivered duty paid) to the customer’s port.

Luokaiwei’s logistics team has experience with major global shipping routes. Typical transit times by sea to Europe or the Americas range from 4–6 weeks; to Asia or Oceania, about 1–3 weeks. The company plans production schedules accordingly to account for shipping time, and it keeps customers updated with tracking information once goods are aboard. Packaging is also designed for longevity (e.g. wood preservatives) in case goods are stored at destination.

In short, Luokaiwei treats international shipping as a standard service: once an order is confirmed, they arrange crating, labeling, and export clearance to ensure the pipes/fittings reach the customer safely. Customs clearance overseas is made easier by their detailed paperwork. If customers have special requirements (e.g. fumigation certification for wood packaging, or consular legalization), Luokaiwei’s export team can provide these as part of the service. This attention to shipping logistics helps guarantee that ductile iron pipelines arrive anywhere in the world without damage or delays.

Q4: What OEM and customization services does Luokaiwei offer?
Luokaiwei provides extensive OEM (Original Equipment Manufacturer) services for buyers who need tailored ductile iron products. OEM service in this context means manufacturing components to a customer’s design or brand, rather than only selling standard catalog items. Luokaiwei’s offerings in this area include custom sizing, special part design, private labeling, and exclusive production runs.

For a custom project, the buyer can start by submitting technical drawings, CAD files, or sample pieces. Luokaiwei’s engineering team will review the specifications (e.g. a non-standard pipe diameter or a unique fitting shape) and provide design feedback. They may suggest minor modifications for manufacturability or standardization. Once the design is finalized, Luokaiwei can create new patterns or molds as needed. Their experience means they can machine or adapt tools to produce almost any shape – whether it’s a standard push-on pipe of unusual length, a grooved coupling, or a multi-way tapping saddle.

Before mass production, Luokaiwei offers to produce a pre-production sample at no cost. As stated in their FAQ, “Usually our samples are free, we can produce by your samples or technical drawings”. Customers use these samples to verify dimensions, material, and fit. This “try before you buy” approach is a hallmark of their OEM service. When the sample is approved, they then manufacture the full order to the agreed specifications.

Branding and packaging are also part of the OEM service. Buyers can have their own logo or part number embossed or painted on parts (common for items like manhole covers). Custom packaging (branded wooden crates or special labeling) can be arranged for high-profile contracts. Essentially, Luokaiwei acts as a full contract manufacturer: once the product design is set, they handle the engineering, casting, machining, inspection, and packing.

Luokaiwei markets this capability as a way to support private label and special infrastructure projects. Whether a customer needs ductile iron pipes with an uncommon flange drilling pattern, a new joint configuration, or certified inserts, Luokaiwei can develop it. They emphasize a quick turnaround for custom work: their flexible tooling and local foundry mean they can start production within weeks after design approval. In summary, any Luokaiwei customer can leverage OEM manufacturing to get exactly the pipe, fitting, or cover they envision, with Luokaiwei providing the technical know-how and production support.

Q5: What product testing and quality assurance do Luokaiwei’s products undergo?
Luokaiwei enforces strict testing on all its ductile iron products before they are shipped. The quality assurance program covers materials, casting, and finished goods. Key elements of this testing include:

• Material Certification: Every batch of cast iron is tested for composition and mechanical properties. The ductile iron grade (often ASTM A536 grade 60-40-18 or similar) must meet minimum tensile and elongation values (e.g. ≥420 MPa tensile strength, ≥10% elongation). The company uses spectrometry to ensure the correct alloying elements (magnesium, silicon, etc.) are present.

• Dimensional and Visual Inspection: After casting, each pipe and fitting is checked against the specified dimensions (length, diameter, thickness) using gauges. Visual inspection spots any surface defects (blowholes, cracks). Machined surfaces (flanges, spigot seating) are measured with coordinate tools for accuracy.

• Hydrostatic Pressure Testing: For pipes and some fittings, Luokaiwei performs a water pressure test. The part is sealed and pressurized to test for leaks and strength. According to ISO 2531, a typical test pressure might be 1.5× the nominal working pressure (for example, ~50 bar for a K9-class pipe). This ensures the pipe can hold pressure without leakage or permanent deformation. Only pipe that passes this pressure test is accepted.

• Mechanical Tests: Representative castings from each production batch are sent for laboratory testing. This includes tensile tests (measuring yield strength, ultimate strength, elongation) and hardness tests (Brinell hardness) to confirm material quality. Impact tests (Charpy V-notch) may be done to ensure toughness. These tests verify that the cast iron meets the ductile iron material standard.

• Coating and Lining Inspection: The anti-corrosion linings are checked. For cement-mortar linings, a holiday detection or thickness gauge may be used to ensure full coverage. External coatings (epoxy, zinc, bitumen) are measured for thickness uniformity and adhesion.

• Nondestructive Testing (NDT): Luokaiwei can also use X-ray or ultrasonic testing on critical pieces (especially large castings) to detect internal flaws not visible on the surface. Magnetic particle inspection may be applied for surface cracks in heavy parts.

Throughout production, Luokaiwei maintains ISO 9001 quality management standards, so records are kept for traceability (batch numbers, test certificates, etc.). Their own statements emphasize that “all our products are strictly tested for quality before packaging, and unqualified products will be destroyed”. In practice, this means any casting failing a test is either reworked or scrapped.

For customers, Luokaiwei provides a Certificate of Conformity for each order, including actual measured values. This document lists the material standard, test results (tensile/elongation), and the inspection outcomes. For international shipments, they also supply the complete mill certificates (showing furnace traces), and third-party inspection reports if requested (e.g. from Lloyd’s or SGS). In short, every product from Luokaiwei is backed by thorough testing. This ensures that end users can install the pipes and fittings with confidence that they meet all mechanical and safety requirements.

Q6: What international standards do Luokaiwei’s ductile iron products comply with?
Luokaiwei designs and produces its ductile iron products to meet major international standards, ensuring compatibility with global infrastructure. For pipes and fittings used in water and sewage systems, this includes standards such as ISO 2531 (ductile iron pipes for water), ISO 7186 (ductile iron for sewage applications), and their European equivalents EN 545 and EN 598. These standards specify dimensions, pressure classes, and test methods. For example, ISO 2531/EN 545 define the outside diameters and joint types for nominal diameters (DN) and include hydrostatic test pressures for each class. Luokaiwei’s pipe diameters and wall thicknesses are manufactured according to these rules. In fact, it’s explicitly noted that Luokaiwei’s pipes (e.g. the K9 class) “meet ISO 2531” as well as China’s GB/T 13295 standard.

In North America, ductile iron pipelines follow AWWA (American Water Works Association) standards. AWWA C151/C150 specify pipe thickness classes (similar to K classes) and drilling patterns for flanges, while C104 covers cement-mortar lining requirements. Although Luokaiwei is in China, the company also produces pipes compatible with AWWA dimensions when requested. This means customers can use Luokaiwei pipes in American-style pipelines without modification. The company’s quality system aligns with ISO 9001 and may include meeting AWWA certification processes where needed. (Some of Luokaiwei’s certificates suggest they participate in international testing programs like API monogram, which further demonstrates meeting specialized standards.)

For fittings and flanges, there are similar standards: ISO 2531 itself covers some couplings (push-on type). Other standards like EN 545/598 include requirements for fittings. Valves and other connected equipment have their own standards. Luokaiwei’s engineering ensures that all components match up – for example, flanges drilled to ISO 2532/EN 1092 patterns or AWWA drill patterns as specified.

Meeting these standards is important for customers. Compliance means Luokaiwei’s pipes and fittings can be used interchangeably with those from other suppliers worldwide. It also assures regulators and engineers that the pipes have been designed for the right pressures and have passed the right tests. Luokaiwei’s advertisements stress that all products comply with ISO, EN, and AWWA standards. Case documentation cites, for instance, that Luokaiwei’s K9 pipes satisfy both ISO 2531 and GB/T 13295-2019, showing dual compliance.

In practice, buyers should request specific certificates for the standards they require (e.g. an EN certificate from a European notified body, or NSF/ANSI approval for U.S. water systems). Luokaiwei, with its strong quality controls and international outlook, can provide the documentation needed to demonstrate compliance. In short, Luokaiwei’s products are built to the rules of ISO and EN for European/Asian markets, and to AWWA for American markets. This global standards compliance is a core part of why customers around the world trust Luokaiwei’s ductile iron pipes and fittings.

References:

• Ductile Iron – Wikipedia
• ISO 2531: Ductile Iron Pipes – International Standards Organization
• AWWA Standards – American Water Works Association
• EN 545: Ductile Iron Pipes and Fittings for Water – European Standards
• Manufacturing Standards and Regulations – Ministry of Heavy Industries and Public Enterprises, India