{"id":4123,"date":"2025-06-05T15:21:05","date_gmt":"2025-06-05T07:21:05","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.ductileironsuppliers.com\/?p=4123"},"modified":"2025-06-05T15:21:05","modified_gmt":"2025-06-05T07:21:05","slug":"how-trench-backfill-protect-buried-pipes-soil-mechanics-load-distribution","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.ductileironsuppliers.com\/ar\/how-trench-backfill-protect-buried-pipes-soil-mechanics-load-distribution.html","title":{"rendered":"\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u064a\u062d\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0646\u062f\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0641\u0648\u0646\u0629: \u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0643\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0627\u0644"},"content":{"rendered":"<p data-start=\"534\" data-end=\"962\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"6afbbf6a-5fd1-4383-857f-2371a6599ef3\" data-immersive-translate-paragraph=\"1\">\u0641\u064a \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 - \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629\u064b \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0635\u0627\u0646\u0639 \u0635\u0628 \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0627\u064a\u0644 - \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0631 \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0646\u0627\u062f\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u062f\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0641\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u064a \u0642\u062f\u0645\u064b\u0627. \u0625\u0646\u0647 \u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u0631. \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u062f\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0632\u064a\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0648\u0631\u062f\u064a EN-GJS-400-15 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627\u060c \u0623\u062f\u062a \u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0646\u0627\u062f\u0642 \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062f\u0645 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0634\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0632\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0631\u062b\u064a.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"964\" data-end=\"1193\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"6afbbf6a-5fd1-4383-857f-2371a6599ef3\" data-immersive-translate-paragraph=\"1\"><strong data-start=\"964\" data-end=\"1003\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"6afbbf6a-5fd1-4383-857f-2371a6599ef3\">\u0625\u0644\u064a\u0643 \u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u064b<\/strong>:: \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u062f\u0631 \u0628\u0640 $3.1 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a \u062a\u0636\u064a\u0639 \u0633\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0644\u062d\u0642 \u0628\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0643\u0641\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0634 \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062f\u0645 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631: \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0648\u064a \u0644\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c 2023).<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_4124\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-4124\" style=\"width: 503px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ductileironsuppliers.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/tj92c-vmv78.webp\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-4124\" src=\"https:\/\/www.ductileironsuppliers.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/tj92c-vmv78.webp\" alt=\"\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u064a\u062d\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0646\u062f\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0641\u0648\u0646\u0629\" width=\"503\" height=\"503\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.ductileironsuppliers.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/tj92c-vmv78.webp 503w, https:\/\/www.ductileironsuppliers.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/tj92c-vmv78-300x300.webp 300w, https:\/\/www.ductileironsuppliers.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/tj92c-vmv78-150x150.webp 150w, https:\/\/www.ductileironsuppliers.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/tj92c-vmv78-12x12.webp 12w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 503px) 100vw, 503px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-4124\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u064a\u062d\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0646\u062f\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0641\u0648\u0646\u0629<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h2 data-start=\"1200\" data-end=\"1268\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"6afbbf6a-5fd1-4383-857f-2371a6599ef3\" data-immersive-translate-paragraph=\"1\">\u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629: \u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0634\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062c\u0645 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0629<\/h2>\n<p data-start=\"1270\" data-end=\"1634\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"6afbbf6a-5fd1-4383-857f-2371a6599ef3\" data-immersive-translate-paragraph=\"1\"><strong data-start=\"1270\" data-end=\"1291\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"6afbbf6a-5fd1-4383-857f-2371a6599ef3\" data-immersive-translate-paragraph=\"1\">\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629<\/strong><br data-start=\"1291\" data-end=\"1294\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"6afbbf6a-5fd1-4383-857f-2371a6599ef3\" \/>\u0644\u0646\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0628\u0646\u0645\u0637 \u0641\u0634\u0644 \u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639. \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631 \u0623\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0628 \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0627\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0623\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0632\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a. \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641\u0629 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0645 <strong data-start=\"1453\" data-end=\"1472\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"6afbbf6a-5fd1-4383-857f-2371a6599ef3\">\"\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0632\"<\/strong>\u064a\u062e\u0644\u0642 \u0646\u0642\u0627\u0637 \u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0648\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0629. \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0646\u0642\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0634\u0642\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0637\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0646\u062a\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0644\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0634\u064a\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062a\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062b \u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628 \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u0645\u0632\u0642.<\/p>\n<h3 data-start=\"1636\" data-end=\"1653\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"6afbbf6a-5fd1-4383-857f-2371a6599ef3\" data-immersive-translate-paragraph=\"1\">\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0627\u064a\u0629 1:<\/h3>\n<p data-start=\"1654\" data-end=\"1857\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"6afbbf6a-5fd1-4383-857f-2371a6599ef3\"><em data-start=\"1654\" data-end=\"1857\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"6afbbf6a-5fd1-4383-857f-2371a6599ef3\" data-immersive-translate-paragraph=\"1\">\u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u062a\u0648\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0627\u0648 \u0628\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0648\u060c \u062a\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0633\u0648\u0621 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0646\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0627\u064a\u0644 DN600 \u0628\u0637\u0648\u0644 1.2 \u0643\u0645 \u0628\u0639\u062f 13 \u0634\u0647\u0631\u064b\u0627. \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632\u062a \u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u064a $2.4 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0631.<\/em><\/p>\n<p data-start=\"1859\" data-end=\"1911\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"6afbbf6a-5fd1-4383-857f-2371a6599ef3\" data-immersive-translate-paragraph=\"1\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u0647\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0643\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0628 \u0644\u0642\u062f \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0646\u062f\u0642.<\/p>\n<h2 data-start=\"1918\" data-end=\"1959\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"6afbbf6a-5fd1-4383-857f-2371a6599ef3\" data-immersive-translate-paragraph=\"1\">\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644 \u0641\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0627\u0644<\/h2>\n<h3 data-start=\"1961\" data-end=\"2006\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"6afbbf6a-5fd1-4383-857f-2371a6599ef3\" data-immersive-translate-paragraph=\"1\">\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0646\u0627\u062f\u0642 - \u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u064a\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639<\/h3>\n<p data-start=\"2007\" data-end=\"2423\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"6afbbf6a-5fd1-4383-857f-2371a6599ef3\" data-immersive-translate-paragraph=\"1\">\u064a\u062d\u062f\u062f \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0646\u062f\u0642 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631 \u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d (\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627) \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0628. \u0648\u0641\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0644\u064a <strong data-start=\"2135\" data-end=\"2149\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"6afbbf6a-5fd1-4383-857f-2371a6599ef3\">ASTM D2321<\/strong>\u060c \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0646\u062f\u0642 <strong data-start=\"2174\" data-end=\"2201\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"6afbbf6a-5fd1-4383-857f-2371a6599ef3\">\u0623\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0628 OD + 300 \u0645\u0645 \u0643\u062d\u062f \u0623\u062f\u0646\u0649<\/strong> \u0644\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628. \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u064a\u0629\u061f \u064a\u0642\u0644\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0646\u060c \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u062a\u0635\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0643 \u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0646\u062f\u0642 \u0644\u062e\u0641\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0641. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628\u064a \u0648\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0644.<\/p>\n<h3 data-start=\"2425\" data-end=\"2451\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"6afbbf6a-5fd1-4383-857f-2371a6599ef3\" data-immersive-translate-paragraph=\"1\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/h3>\n<div class=\"_tableContainer_16hzy_1\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"6afbbf6a-5fd1-4383-857f-2371a6599ef3\">\n<div class=\"_tableWrapper_16hzy_14 group flex w-fit flex-col-reverse\" tabindex=\"-1\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"6afbbf6a-5fd1-4383-857f-2371a6599ef3\">\n<table class=\"w-fit min-w-(--thread-content-width)\" data-start=\"2452\" data-end=\"2707\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"6afbbf6a-5fd1-4383-857f-2371a6599ef3\">\n<thead data-start=\"2452\" data-end=\"2507\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"6afbbf6a-5fd1-4383-857f-2371a6599ef3\">\n<tr data-start=\"2452\" data-end=\"2507\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"6afbbf6a-5fd1-4383-857f-2371a6599ef3\">\n<th data-start=\"2452\" data-end=\"2463\" data-col-size=\"sm\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"6afbbf6a-5fd1-4383-857f-2371a6599ef3\" data-immersive-translate-paragraph=\"1\">\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u0629<\/th>\n<th data-start=\"2463\" data-end=\"2483\" data-col-size=\"sm\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"6afbbf6a-5fd1-4383-857f-2371a6599ef3\" data-immersive-translate-paragraph=\"1\">\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0627\u0644<\/th>\n<th data-start=\"2483\" data-end=\"2507\" data-col-size=\"sm\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"6afbbf6a-5fd1-4383-857f-2371a6599ef3\" data-immersive-translate-paragraph=\"1\">\u062e\u0637\u0631 \u062a\u0628\u064a\u064a\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody data-start=\"2563\" data-end=\"2707\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"6afbbf6a-5fd1-4383-857f-2371a6599ef3\">\n<tr data-start=\"2563\" data-end=\"2614\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"6afbbf6a-5fd1-4383-857f-2371a6599ef3\">\n<td data-start=\"2563\" data-end=\"2583\" data-col-size=\"sm\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"6afbbf6a-5fd1-4383-857f-2371a6599ef3\" data-immersive-translate-paragraph=\"1\">\u0636\u064a\u0642 (OD+150 \u0645\u0645)<\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"2583\" data-end=\"2606\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"6afbbf6a-5fd1-4383-857f-2371a6599ef3\" data-immersive-translate-paragraph=\"1\">\u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u062c<\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"2606\" data-end=\"2614\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"6afbbf6a-5fd1-4383-857f-2371a6599ef3\" data-immersive-translate-paragraph=\"1\">\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr data-start=\"2615\" data-end=\"2654\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"6afbbf6a-5fd1-4383-857f-2371a6599ef3\">\n<td data-start=\"2615\" data-end=\"2637\" data-col-size=\"sm\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"6afbbf6a-5fd1-4383-857f-2371a6599ef3\" data-immersive-translate-paragraph=\"1\">\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a (OD+300 \u0645\u0645)<\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"2637\" data-end=\"2647\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"6afbbf6a-5fd1-4383-857f-2371a6599ef3\" data-immersive-translate-paragraph=\"1\">\u0632\u064a \u0645\u0648\u062d\u062f<\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"2647\" data-end=\"2654\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"6afbbf6a-5fd1-4383-857f-2371a6599ef3\" data-immersive-translate-paragraph=\"1\">\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr data-start=\"2655\" data-end=\"2707\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"6afbbf6a-5fd1-4383-857f-2371a6599ef3\">\n<td data-start=\"2655\" data-end=\"2676\" data-col-size=\"sm\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"6afbbf6a-5fd1-4383-857f-2371a6599ef3\" data-immersive-translate-paragraph=\"1\">\u062e\u0646\u0627\u062f\u0642 \u062b\u0642\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0633<\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"2676\" data-end=\"2695\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"6afbbf6a-5fd1-4383-857f-2371a6599ef3\" data-immersive-translate-paragraph=\"1\">\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0635\u0644<\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"2695\" data-end=\"2707\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"6afbbf6a-5fd1-4383-857f-2371a6599ef3\" data-immersive-translate-paragraph=\"1\">\u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u0644<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<div class=\"sticky end-(--thread-content-margin) h-0 self-end select-none\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"6afbbf6a-5fd1-4383-857f-2371a6599ef3\">\n<div class=\"absolute end-0 flex items-end\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"6afbbf6a-5fd1-4383-857f-2371a6599ef3\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p data-start=\"2709\" data-end=\"2840\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"6afbbf6a-5fd1-4383-857f-2371a6599ef3\"><em data-start=\"2709\" data-end=\"2840\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"6afbbf6a-5fd1-4383-857f-2371a6599ef3\" data-immersive-translate-paragraph=\"1\">\u064a\u064f\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \"\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0634\u062c\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062f\" \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062c\u0645 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u0638\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u062e\u0646\u0627\u062f\u0642 \u064a\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u062f\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0628\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0631 27% \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062f\u0649 5 \u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a.<\/em><\/p>\n<h2 data-start=\"2847\" data-end=\"2906\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"6afbbf6a-5fd1-4383-857f-2371a6599ef3\" data-immersive-translate-paragraph=\"1\">\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062f\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0627\u0644<\/h2>\n<p data-start=\"2908\" data-end=\"3124\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"6afbbf6a-5fd1-4383-857f-2371a6599ef3\" data-immersive-translate-paragraph=\"1\">\u0627\u0644\u0631\u062f\u0645 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u062a\u0631\u0627\u0628. \u0625\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0635\u0645\u0645\u0629 \u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0629 (E'). \u0648\u0641\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0644 <strong data-start=\"3019\" data-end=\"3034\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"6afbbf6a-5fd1-4383-857f-2371a6599ef3\">ISO 11296-1 ISO 11296-1<\/strong>\u064a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0628\u064a\u0628\u064a (E' \u2265 1000 \u0631\u0637\u0644 \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0628\u0639\u0629) \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0648\u064a.<\/p>\n<h3 data-start=\"3126\" data-end=\"3156\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"6afbbf6a-5fd1-4383-857f-2371a6599ef3\" data-immersive-translate-paragraph=\"1\">\u0645\u062e\u0637\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629<\/h3>\n<div class=\"_tableContainer_16hzy_1\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"6afbbf6a-5fd1-4383-857f-2371a6599ef3\">\n<div class=\"_tableWrapper_16hzy_14 group flex w-fit flex-col-reverse\" tabindex=\"-1\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"6afbbf6a-5fd1-4383-857f-2371a6599ef3\">\n<table class=\"w-fit min-w-(--thread-content-width)\" data-start=\"3158\" data-end=\"3553\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"6afbbf6a-5fd1-4383-857f-2371a6599ef3\">\n<thead data-start=\"3158\" data-end=\"3234\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"6afbbf6a-5fd1-4383-857f-2371a6599ef3\">\n<tr data-start=\"3158\" data-end=\"3234\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"6afbbf6a-5fd1-4383-857f-2371a6599ef3\">\n<th data-start=\"3158\" data-end=\"3174\" data-col-size=\"sm\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"6afbbf6a-5fd1-4383-857f-2371a6599ef3\" data-immersive-translate-paragraph=\"1\">\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629<\/th>\n<th data-start=\"3174\" data-end=\"3191\" data-col-size=\"sm\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"6afbbf6a-5fd1-4383-857f-2371a6599ef3\" data-immersive-translate-paragraph=\"1\">\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 E' (\u0631\u0637\u0644 \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0628\u0639\u0629)<\/th>\n<th data-start=\"3191\" data-end=\"3202\" data-col-size=\"sm\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"6afbbf6a-5fd1-4383-857f-2371a6599ef3\" data-immersive-translate-paragraph=\"1\">\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0641<\/th>\n<th data-start=\"3202\" data-end=\"3220\" data-col-size=\"sm\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"6afbbf6a-5fd1-4383-857f-2371a6599ef3\" data-immersive-translate-paragraph=\"1\">\u0633\u0647\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637<\/th>\n<th data-start=\"3220\" data-end=\"3234\" data-col-size=\"sm\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"6afbbf6a-5fd1-4383-857f-2371a6599ef3\" data-immersive-translate-paragraph=\"1\">\u0645\u0624\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody data-start=\"3313\" data-end=\"3553\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"6afbbf6a-5fd1-4383-857f-2371a6599ef3\">\n<tr data-start=\"3313\" data-end=\"3372\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"6afbbf6a-5fd1-4383-857f-2371a6599ef3\">\n<td data-start=\"3313\" data-end=\"3338\" data-col-size=\"sm\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"6afbbf6a-5fd1-4383-857f-2371a6599ef3\" data-immersive-translate-paragraph=\"1\">\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0644 (\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0641\u060c ASTM C33)<\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"3338\" data-end=\"3346\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"6afbbf6a-5fd1-4383-857f-2371a6599ef3\">1,200<\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"3346\" data-end=\"3358\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"6afbbf6a-5fd1-4383-857f-2371a6599ef3\" data-immersive-translate-paragraph=\"1\">\u0645\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0632<\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"3358\" data-end=\"3365\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"6afbbf6a-5fd1-4383-857f-2371a6599ef3\" data-immersive-translate-paragraph=\"1\">\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"3365\" data-end=\"3372\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"6afbbf6a-5fd1-4383-857f-2371a6599ef3\" data-immersive-translate-paragraph=\"1\">\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr data-start=\"3373\" data-end=\"3429\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"6afbbf6a-5fd1-4383-857f-2371a6599ef3\">\n<td data-start=\"3373\" data-end=\"3389\" data-col-size=\"sm\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"6afbbf6a-5fd1-4383-857f-2371a6599ef3\" data-immersive-translate-paragraph=\"1\">\u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062d\u0648\u0642<\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"3389\" data-end=\"3403\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"6afbbf6a-5fd1-4383-857f-2371a6599ef3\" data-immersive-translate-paragraph=\"1\">1,000-1,500<\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"3403\" data-end=\"3410\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"6afbbf6a-5fd1-4383-857f-2371a6599ef3\" data-immersive-translate-paragraph=\"1\">\u062c\u064a\u062f<\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"3410\" data-end=\"3419\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"6afbbf6a-5fd1-4383-857f-2371a6599ef3\" data-immersive-translate-paragraph=\"1\">\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637<\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"3419\" data-end=\"3429\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"6afbbf6a-5fd1-4383-857f-2371a6599ef3\" data-immersive-translate-paragraph=\"1\">\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr data-start=\"3430\" data-end=\"3494\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"6afbbf6a-5fd1-4383-857f-2371a6599ef3\">\n<td data-start=\"3430\" data-end=\"3453\" data-col-size=\"sm\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"6afbbf6a-5fd1-4383-857f-2371a6599ef3\" data-immersive-translate-paragraph=\"1\">\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629 (\u0637\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629)<\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"3453\" data-end=\"3463\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"6afbbf6a-5fd1-4383-857f-2371a6599ef3\" data-immersive-translate-paragraph=\"1\">200-500<\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"3463\" data-end=\"3470\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"6afbbf6a-5fd1-4383-857f-2371a6599ef3\" data-immersive-translate-paragraph=\"1\">\u0641\u0642\u064a\u0631<\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"3470\" data-end=\"3482\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"6afbbf6a-5fd1-4383-857f-2371a6599ef3\" data-immersive-translate-paragraph=\"1\">\u0635\u0639\u0628<\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"3482\" data-end=\"3494\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"6afbbf6a-5fd1-4383-857f-2371a6599ef3\" data-immersive-translate-paragraph=\"1\">\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u0627\u064b<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr data-start=\"3495\" data-end=\"3553\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"6afbbf6a-5fd1-4383-857f-2371a6599ef3\">\n<td data-start=\"3495\" data-end=\"3518\" data-col-size=\"sm\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"6afbbf6a-5fd1-4383-857f-2371a6599ef3\" data-immersive-translate-paragraph=\"1\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0641\u0642 (CLSM)<\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"3518\" data-end=\"3532\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"6afbbf6a-5fd1-4383-857f-2371a6599ef3\" data-immersive-translate-paragraph=\"1\">1,000-2,000<\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"3532\" data-end=\"3539\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"6afbbf6a-5fd1-4383-857f-2371a6599ef3\" data-immersive-translate-paragraph=\"1\">\u062c\u064a\u062f<\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"3539\" data-end=\"3545\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"6afbbf6a-5fd1-4383-857f-2371a6599ef3\" data-immersive-translate-paragraph=\"1\">\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u0627\u062d<\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"3545\" data-end=\"3553\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"6afbbf6a-5fd1-4383-857f-2371a6599ef3\" data-immersive-translate-paragraph=\"1\">\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<div class=\"sticky end-(--thread-content-margin) h-0 self-end select-none\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"6afbbf6a-5fd1-4383-857f-2371a6599ef3\">\n<div class=\"absolute end-0 flex items-end\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"6afbbf6a-5fd1-4383-857f-2371a6599ef3\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h3 data-start=\"3555\" data-end=\"3572\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"6afbbf6a-5fd1-4383-857f-2371a6599ef3\" data-immersive-translate-paragraph=\"1\">\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0627\u064a\u0629 2:<\/h3>\n<p data-start=\"3573\" data-end=\"3734\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"6afbbf6a-5fd1-4383-857f-2371a6599ef3\"><em data-start=\"3573\" data-end=\"3734\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"6afbbf6a-5fd1-4383-857f-2371a6599ef3\" data-immersive-translate-paragraph=\"1\">\u0641\u064a \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0648\u0646\u062c \u0643\u0648\u0646\u062c \u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 2022\u060c \u0623\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u0645\u0639 ASTM C33 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0623\u0639\u0637\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0627\u064a\u0644 \u0628\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0631 61% \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631 18 \u0634\u0647\u0631\u064b\u0627.<\/em><\/p>\n<h2 data-start=\"3741\" data-end=\"3787\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"6afbbf6a-5fd1-4383-857f-2371a6599ef3\" data-immersive-translate-paragraph=\"1\">\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0646\u0639\u0629<\/h2>\n<div class=\"_tableContainer_16hzy_1\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"6afbbf6a-5fd1-4383-857f-2371a6599ef3\">\n<div class=\"_tableWrapper_16hzy_14 group flex w-fit flex-col-reverse\" tabindex=\"-1\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"6afbbf6a-5fd1-4383-857f-2371a6599ef3\">\n<table class=\"w-fit min-w-(--thread-content-width)\" data-start=\"3789\" data-end=\"4301\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"6afbbf6a-5fd1-4383-857f-2371a6599ef3\">\n<thead data-start=\"3789\" data-end=\"3872\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"6afbbf6a-5fd1-4383-857f-2371a6599ef3\">\n<tr data-start=\"3789\" data-end=\"3872\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"6afbbf6a-5fd1-4383-857f-2371a6599ef3\">\n<th data-start=\"3789\" data-end=\"3804\" data-col-size=\"sm\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"6afbbf6a-5fd1-4383-857f-2371a6599ef3\" data-immersive-translate-paragraph=\"1\">\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0646\u0639\u0629<\/th>\n<th data-start=\"3804\" data-end=\"3813\" data-col-size=\"sm\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"6afbbf6a-5fd1-4383-857f-2371a6599ef3\" data-immersive-translate-paragraph=\"1\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629<\/th>\n<th data-start=\"3813\" data-end=\"3841\" data-col-size=\"sm\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"6afbbf6a-5fd1-4383-857f-2371a6599ef3\" data-immersive-translate-paragraph=\"1\">\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f\u0629<\/th>\n<th data-start=\"3841\" data-end=\"3861\" data-col-size=\"sm\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"6afbbf6a-5fd1-4383-857f-2371a6599ef3\" data-immersive-translate-paragraph=\"1\">\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062f\u0645<\/th>\n<th data-start=\"3861\" data-end=\"3872\" data-col-size=\"sm\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"6afbbf6a-5fd1-4383-857f-2371a6599ef3\" data-immersive-translate-paragraph=\"1\">\u0634\u0647\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody data-start=\"3958\" data-end=\"4301\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"6afbbf6a-5fd1-4383-857f-2371a6599ef3\">\n<tr data-start=\"3958\" data-end=\"4046\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"6afbbf6a-5fd1-4383-857f-2371a6599ef3\">\n<td data-start=\"3958\" data-end=\"3970\" data-col-size=\"sm\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"6afbbf6a-5fd1-4383-857f-2371a6599ef3\" data-immersive-translate-paragraph=\"1\">\u0644\u0648\u0643\u0627\u064a\u0648\u064a<\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"3970\" data-end=\"3978\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"6afbbf6a-5fd1-4383-857f-2371a6599ef3\" data-immersive-translate-paragraph=\"1\">\u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646<\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"3978\" data-end=\"4006\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"6afbbf6a-5fd1-4383-857f-2371a6599ef3\" data-immersive-translate-paragraph=\"1\">\u0646\u0633\u064a\u062c \u062c\u064a\u0648\u062a\u0643\u0633\u062a\u0627\u064a\u0644 + \u0641\u0631\u0634\u0629 ASTM<\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"4006\" data-end=\"4029\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"6afbbf6a-5fd1-4383-857f-2371a6599ef3\" data-immersive-translate-paragraph=\"1\">\u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062d\u0648\u0642 + CLSM<\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"4029\" data-end=\"4046\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"6afbbf6a-5fd1-4383-857f-2371a6599ef3\" data-immersive-translate-paragraph=\"1\">ISO 9001\u060c SGS<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr data-start=\"4047\" data-end=\"4126\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"6afbbf6a-5fd1-4383-857f-2371a6599ef3\">\n<td data-start=\"4047\" data-end=\"4057\" data-col-size=\"sm\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"6afbbf6a-5fd1-4383-857f-2371a6599ef3\" data-immersive-translate-paragraph=\"1\">\u0641\u0648\u0646 \u0631\u0648\u0644<\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"4057\" data-end=\"4071\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"6afbbf6a-5fd1-4383-857f-2371a6599ef3\" data-immersive-translate-paragraph=\"1\">\u0633\u0648\u064a\u0633\u0631\u0627<\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"4071\" data-end=\"4096\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"6afbbf6a-5fd1-4383-857f-2371a6599ef3\" data-immersive-translate-paragraph=\"1\">\u0648\u0633\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634 \u0645\u0633\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644<\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"4096\" data-end=\"4112\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"6afbbf6a-5fd1-4383-857f-2371a6599ef3\" data-immersive-translate-paragraph=\"1\">\u062d\u0635\u0649 \u0645\u063a\u0633\u0648\u0644<\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"4112\" data-end=\"4126\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"6afbbf6a-5fd1-4383-857f-2371a6599ef3\" data-immersive-translate-paragraph=\"1\">EN 545, BV<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr data-start=\"4127\" data-end=\"4211\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"6afbbf6a-5fd1-4383-857f-2371a6599ef3\">\n<td data-start=\"4127\" data-end=\"4142\" data-col-size=\"sm\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"6afbbf6a-5fd1-4383-857f-2371a6599ef3\" data-immersive-translate-paragraph=\"1\">\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0644<\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"4142\" data-end=\"4150\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"6afbbf6a-5fd1-4383-857f-2371a6599ef3\" data-immersive-translate-paragraph=\"1\">\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f<\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"4150\" data-end=\"4177\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"6afbbf6a-5fd1-4383-857f-2371a6599ef3\" data-immersive-translate-paragraph=\"1\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u062f\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0632\u064a\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0646<\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"4177\" data-end=\"4199\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"6afbbf6a-5fd1-4383-857f-2371a6599ef3\" data-immersive-translate-paragraph=\"1\">\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062c \u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a + \u0645\u0632\u064a\u062c \u0631\u0645\u0644\u064a<\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"4199\" data-end=\"4211\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"6afbbf6a-5fd1-4383-857f-2371a6599ef3\" data-immersive-translate-paragraph=\"1\">ISO 2531<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr data-start=\"4212\" data-end=\"4301\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"6afbbf6a-5fd1-4383-857f-2371a6599ef3\">\n<td data-start=\"4212\" data-end=\"4221\" data-col-size=\"sm\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"6afbbf6a-5fd1-4383-857f-2371a6599ef3\" data-immersive-translate-paragraph=\"1\">\u0645\u0627\u0643\u0648\u0627\u0646<\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"4221\" data-end=\"4227\">\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"4227\" data-end=\"4250\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"6afbbf6a-5fd1-4383-857f-2371a6599ef3\" data-immersive-translate-paragraph=\"1\">\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0646\u0627\u062f\u0642 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0632\u0631<\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"4250\" data-end=\"4277\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"6afbbf6a-5fd1-4383-857f-2371a6599ef3\" data-immersive-translate-paragraph=\"1\">ASTM C33 + \u062d\u0634\u0648\u0629 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0641\u0642<\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"4277\" data-end=\"4301\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"6afbbf6a-5fd1-4383-857f-2371a6599ef3\" data-immersive-translate-paragraph=\"1\">AWWA C600\u060c ISO 45001<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<div class=\"sticky end-(--thread-content-margin) h-0 self-end select-none\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"6afbbf6a-5fd1-4383-857f-2371a6599ef3\">\n<div class=\"absolute end-0 flex items-end\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"6afbbf6a-5fd1-4383-857f-2371a6599ef3\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p data-start=\"4303\" data-end=\"4460\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"6afbbf6a-5fd1-4383-857f-2371a6599ef3\" data-immersive-translate-paragraph=\"1\">\u064a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u062c\u0646\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0646\u0628 \u0641\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062f\u0639\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0635\u0627\u0646\u0639 \u0633\u0628\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0627\u064a\u0644\u060c \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629\u064b \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0643 \u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<h2 data-start=\"4467\" data-end=\"4526\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"6afbbf6a-5fd1-4383-857f-2371a6599ef3\" data-immersive-translate-paragraph=\"1\">\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629: \u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u0642\u062a \u062a\u0639\u0637\u0644 40% \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0641\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0632\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/h2>\n<p data-start=\"4528\" data-end=\"4824\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"6afbbf6a-5fd1-4383-857f-2371a6599ef3\" data-immersive-translate-paragraph=\"1\"><strong data-start=\"4528\" data-end=\"4540\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"6afbbf6a-5fd1-4383-857f-2371a6599ef3\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639<\/strong>: \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0643\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0633\u0627\u0648 \u0633\u064a\u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0648\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0632\u064a\u0644<br data-start=\"4586\" data-end=\"4589\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"6afbbf6a-5fd1-4383-857f-2371a6599ef3\" \/><strong data-start=\"4589\" data-end=\"4602\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"6afbbf6a-5fd1-4383-857f-2371a6599ef3\">\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628<\/strong>: \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0627\u064a\u0644 DN800 DN800\u060c EN-GJS-400-15<br data-start=\"4637\" data-end=\"4640\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"6afbbf6a-5fd1-4383-857f-2371a6599ef3\" \/><strong data-start=\"4640\" data-end=\"4651\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"6afbbf6a-5fd1-4383-857f-2371a6599ef3\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629<\/strong>: \u0627\u0646\u0647\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0633\u0648\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0648\u0627\u0646\u0632\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u062c\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0646\u062f\u0642<br data-start=\"4714\" data-end=\"4717\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"6afbbf6a-5fd1-4383-857f-2371a6599ef3\" \/><strong data-start=\"4717\" data-end=\"4727\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"6afbbf6a-5fd1-4383-857f-2371a6599ef3\">\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621<\/strong>: \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0637\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0648\u062a\u0643\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0631\u0645\u0644 ASTM C33\u060c \u0648\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0643\u0644 150 \u0645\u0645<br data-start=\"4808\" data-end=\"4811\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"6afbbf6a-5fd1-4383-857f-2371a6599ef3\" \/><strong data-start=\"4811\" data-end=\"4821\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"6afbbf6a-5fd1-4383-857f-2371a6599ef3\">\u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629<\/strong>:<\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"4825\" data-end=\"4957\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"6afbbf6a-5fd1-4383-857f-2371a6599ef3\">\n<li data-start=\"4825\" data-end=\"4872\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"6afbbf6a-5fd1-4383-857f-2371a6599ef3\">\n<p data-start=\"4827\" data-end=\"4872\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"6afbbf6a-5fd1-4383-857f-2371a6599ef3\" data-immersive-translate-paragraph=\"1\">\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0641\u064a\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0634\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643 \u0645\u0646 8 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 1 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"4873\" data-end=\"4908\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"6afbbf6a-5fd1-4383-857f-2371a6599ef3\">\n<p data-start=\"4875\" data-end=\"4908\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"6afbbf6a-5fd1-4383-857f-2371a6599ef3\" data-immersive-translate-paragraph=\"1\">\u062e\u0641\u0636 \u0648\u0642\u062a \u062a\u0639\u0637\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0631 40%<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"4909\" data-end=\"4957\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"6afbbf6a-5fd1-4383-857f-2371a6599ef3\">\n<p data-start=\"4911\" data-end=\"4957\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"6afbbf6a-5fd1-4383-857f-2371a6599ef3\" data-immersive-translate-paragraph=\"1\">\u0627\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0627\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0631 $520,000 \u0633\u0646\u0648\u064a\u064b\u0627<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<blockquote data-start=\"4959\" data-end=\"5142\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"6afbbf6a-5fd1-4383-857f-2371a6599ef3\">\n<p data-start=\"4961\" data-end=\"5142\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"6afbbf6a-5fd1-4383-857f-2371a6599ef3\"><em data-start=\"4961\" data-end=\"5142\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"6afbbf6a-5fd1-4383-857f-2371a6599ef3\" data-immersive-translate-paragraph=\"1\">\"\u0646\u0648\u0635\u064a \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0635\u062d\u0629 \u0637\u0631\u0642 \u062d\u0641\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0646\u0627\u062f\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0646\u060c \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u0628\u0642\u064b\u0627. \u0641\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0646\u0639 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0634\u064a\u0626\u064b\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0646\u062f\u0642 \u064a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0643\u0642\u0628\u0636\u0629 \u0644\u0627\u0635\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u062f\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0647\u062f\u064b\u0627.\"<\/em><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<h2 data-start=\"5149\" data-end=\"5197\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"6afbbf6a-5fd1-4383-857f-2371a6599ef3\" data-immersive-translate-paragraph=\"1\">\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f: \u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0628\u0631\u064a\u0646\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642<\/h2>\n<p data-start=\"5199\" data-end=\"5372\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"6afbbf6a-5fd1-4383-857f-2371a6599ef3\" data-immersive-translate-paragraph=\"1\">\u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0646\u062f\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u062f\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629. \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0635\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0639\u062a\u0631\u0641 \u0628\u0647\u0627:<\/p>\n<h3 data-start=\"5374\" data-end=\"5417\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"6afbbf6a-5fd1-4383-857f-2371a6599ef3\" data-immersive-translate-paragraph=\"1\">\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a (ISO 148-1\u060c EN 1563)<\/h3>\n<ul data-start=\"5418\" data-end=\"5545\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"6afbbf6a-5fd1-4383-857f-2371a6599ef3\">\n<li data-start=\"5418\" data-end=\"5461\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"6afbbf6a-5fd1-4383-857f-2371a6599ef3\">\n<p data-start=\"5420\" data-end=\"5461\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"6afbbf6a-5fd1-4383-857f-2371a6599ef3\" data-immersive-translate-paragraph=\"1\">\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0651\u0645 <strong data-start=\"5430\" data-end=\"5461\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"6afbbf6a-5fd1-4383-857f-2371a6599ef3\">\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0633\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0634<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"5462\" data-end=\"5505\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"6afbbf6a-5fd1-4383-857f-2371a6599ef3\">\n<p data-start=\"5464\" data-end=\"5505\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"6afbbf6a-5fd1-4383-857f-2371a6599ef3\" data-immersive-translate-paragraph=\"1\">\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u062e\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"5506\" data-end=\"5545\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"6afbbf6a-5fd1-4383-857f-2371a6599ef3\">\n<p data-start=\"5508\" data-end=\"5545\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"6afbbf6a-5fd1-4383-857f-2371a6599ef3\" data-immersive-translate-paragraph=\"1\">\u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0645\u0627\u063a\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u064a\u062f\u064a: 10-15 \u062c\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 -10 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0626\u0648\u064a\u0629<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 data-start=\"5547\" data-end=\"5583\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"6afbbf6a-5fd1-4383-857f-2371a6599ef3\" data-immersive-translate-paragraph=\"1\">\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0635\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u0631\u064a\u0646\u0644 (ISO 6506)<\/h3>\n<ul data-start=\"5584\" data-end=\"5697\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"6afbbf6a-5fd1-4383-857f-2371a6599ef3\">\n<li data-start=\"5584\" data-end=\"5622\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"6afbbf6a-5fd1-4383-857f-2371a6599ef3\">\n<p data-start=\"5586\" data-end=\"5622\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"6afbbf6a-5fd1-4383-857f-2371a6599ef3\" data-immersive-translate-paragraph=\"1\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0631 <strong data-start=\"5595\" data-end=\"5622\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"6afbbf6a-5fd1-4383-857f-2371a6599ef3\">\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"5623\" data-end=\"5663\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"6afbbf6a-5fd1-4383-857f-2371a6599ef3\">\n<p data-start=\"5625\" data-end=\"5663\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"6afbbf6a-5fd1-4383-857f-2371a6599ef3\" data-immersive-translate-paragraph=\"1\">\u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0644\u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0634\u0637\u0629<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"5664\" data-end=\"5697\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"6afbbf6a-5fd1-4383-857f-2371a6599ef3\">\n<p data-start=\"5666\" data-end=\"5697\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"6afbbf6a-5fd1-4383-857f-2371a6599ef3\" data-immersive-translate-paragraph=\"1\">EN-GJS-400-15 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0641\u0627\u062a EN-GJS-400-15 170-230 HBW 170-230 HBW<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p data-start=\"5699\" data-end=\"5843\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"6afbbf6a-5fd1-4383-857f-2371a6599ef3\" data-immersive-translate-paragraph=\"1\">\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062d\u0631\u0641 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0631\u064a\u0646\u0644 \u0648\u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0625\u064a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u062e\u0627\u0637\u0626\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629.<\/p>\n<hr data-start=\"5845\" data-end=\"5848\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"6afbbf6a-5fd1-4383-857f-2371a6599ef3\" \/>\n<h2 data-start=\"5850\" data-end=\"5909\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"6afbbf6a-5fd1-4383-857f-2371a6599ef3\" data-immersive-translate-paragraph=\"1\">\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0637\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0636\u0628\u0637: \u062f\u0631\u0648\u0633 \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629<\/h2>\n<p data-start=\"5911\" data-end=\"6283\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"6afbbf6a-5fd1-4383-857f-2371a6599ef3\"><em data-start=\"5911\" data-end=\"6283\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"6afbbf6a-5fd1-4383-857f-2371a6599ef3\" data-immersive-translate-paragraph=\"1\">\u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0627\u062e\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0639\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u0646\u0627 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0634\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0644\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 15,000 \u0637\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0627\u064a\u0644 \u0644\u0645\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0633\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u062a\u0646\u0627 \u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u064a\u0631\u0629: \u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0636\u0639\u064a\u0641. \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628\u061f \u062a\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u063a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0648\u0633 \u0645\u0639 \u0646\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0646\u0636\u063a\u0627\u0637 \u0636\u0639\u064a\u0641\u0629. \u0648\u0628\u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0646\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062d\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u062f - \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0648\u0625\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u0636\u0639\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 - \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u062d\u0646\u0649 \u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0631.<\/em><\/p>\n<p data-start=\"6285\" data-end=\"6389\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"6afbbf6a-5fd1-4383-857f-2371a6599ef3\" data-immersive-translate-paragraph=\"1\">\u0648\u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u062a\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0631\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0646\u0627\u062f\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645.<\/p>\n<hr data-start=\"6391\" data-end=\"6394\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"6afbbf6a-5fd1-4383-857f-2371a6599ef3\" \/>\n<h2 data-start=\"6396\" data-end=\"6420\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"6afbbf6a-5fd1-4383-857f-2371a6599ef3\" data-immersive-translate-paragraph=\"1\">\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0625\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/h2>\n<p data-start=\"6422\" data-end=\"6660\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"6afbbf6a-5fd1-4383-857f-2371a6599ef3\" data-immersive-translate-paragraph=\"1\">\u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0642\u0645\u0646\u0627 \u0628\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639. \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u060c \u062a\u062a\u0628\u0639 \u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0646\u0627\u062f\u0642 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0641\u0648\u0631\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0644\u064a <strong data-start=\"6597\" data-end=\"6607\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"6afbbf6a-5fd1-4383-857f-2371a6599ef3\">ASCE 7<\/strong> \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0639\u0646 <strong data-start=\"6638\" data-end=\"6650\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"6afbbf6a-5fd1-4383-857f-2371a6599ef3\">AWWA M23<\/strong> \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0631\u0634\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n<blockquote data-start=\"6662\" data-end=\"6768\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"6afbbf6a-5fd1-4383-857f-2371a6599ef3\">\n<p data-start=\"6664\" data-end=\"6768\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"6afbbf6a-5fd1-4383-857f-2371a6599ef3\" data-immersive-translate-paragraph=\"1\"><strong data-start=\"6664\" data-end=\"6678\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"6afbbf6a-5fd1-4383-857f-2371a6599ef3\">\u0625\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/strong>: \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0648\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0648\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0623\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u062d\u0641\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0646\u0627\u062f\u0642.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<hr data-start=\"6770\" data-end=\"6773\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"6afbbf6a-5fd1-4383-857f-2371a6599ef3\" \/>\n<h2 data-start=\"6775\" data-end=\"6835\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"6afbbf6a-5fd1-4383-857f-2371a6599ef3\" data-immersive-translate-paragraph=\"1\">\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629: \u0644\u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0645\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0643 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/h2>\n<p data-start=\"6837\" data-end=\"7064\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"6afbbf6a-5fd1-4383-857f-2371a6599ef3\" data-immersive-translate-paragraph=\"1\">\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0641\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0635\u0627\u0646\u0639 \u0633\u0628\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0627\u064a\u0644 - \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629\u064b \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0629 - \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0639\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0646\u062f\u0642\/\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0626\u0629 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u0635\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0644 \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u062a\u0647\u064a \u0628\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0644.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"7066\" data-end=\"7203\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"6afbbf6a-5fd1-4383-857f-2371a6599ef3\" data-immersive-translate-paragraph=\"1\">\u0646\u0648\u0635\u064a \u0628\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0641\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0641\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0646\u0627\u062f\u0642 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0631\u0648\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0639\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0631\/\u0631\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0646\u0627\u062f\u0642 \u0645\u0639 \u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 SGS \u0623\u0648 Bureau Veritas \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0646\u0639.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"7205\" data-end=\"7277\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"6afbbf6a-5fd1-4383-857f-2371a6599ef3\" data-immersive-translate-paragraph=\"1\">\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u0646\u0643\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d\u064a\u0646: \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0628 \u062c\u064a\u062f \u0628\u0642\u062f\u0631 \u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0646\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639:<\/h3>\n<ol>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/cdn.standards.iteh.ai\/samples\/76224\/e155cebf23144b6896cb1105f8b316e6\/ASTM-D2321-11.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\"> ASTM D2321-11: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0648\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.iso.org\/standard\/78062.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\"> \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0641\u0629 ISO 11296-9:2022: \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0634\u0628\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u063a\u0648\u0637 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636 - \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 9: \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0637\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0645\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0629 <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/cdn.standards.iteh.ai\/samples\/41293\/1baf911ae5b148d8bf86609721132eff\/SIST-EN-1563-2018.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\"> EN 1563:2018: \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0633 - \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0628\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0648\u064a <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.iso.org\/standard\/59671.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\"> ISO 6506-1:2014: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 - \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0635\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u0631\u064a\u0646\u0644 - \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 1: \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.astm.org\/c0033_c0033m-18.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\"> ASTM C33\/C33M-18: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0631\u0643\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a <\/a><\/li>\n<\/ol>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>In global infrastructure projects\u2014especially those involving ductile iron casting factories\u2014trench and backfill design isn\u2019t just about burying a pipe and moving on. It\u2019s a calibrated engineering safeguard. From nodular graphite production sites in Brazil to EN-GJS-400-15 suppliers in Northern Europe, improper trench geometry or backfill composition has led to premature pipe failure, settlement, or even [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":4124,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"default","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"default","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"set","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-4123","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-news"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.7 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>How Trench &amp; Backfill Protect Buried Pipes: Soil Mechanics &amp; Load Distribution- Jingang LuoKaiwei<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Trench design directly determines how load from the surface (traffic, buildings, etc.) is transferred to the pipe. According to ASTM D2321, trench width should be pipe OD + 300mm minimum for proper bedding envelope.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ductileironsuppliers.com\/ar\/how-trench-backfill-protect-buried-pipes-soil-mechanics-load-distribution.html\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"ar_AR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"How Trench &amp; Backfill Protect Buried Pipes: Soil Mechanics &amp; Load Distribution- Jingang LuoKaiwei\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Trench design directly determines how load from the surface (traffic, buildings, etc.) is transferred to the pipe. 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