{"id":3330,"date":"2025-05-20T16:23:55","date_gmt":"2025-05-20T08:23:55","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.ductileironsuppliers.com\/?p=3330"},"modified":"2025-05-30T10:39:00","modified_gmt":"2025-05-30T02:39:00","slug":"ductile-iron-vs-galvanized-steel-comprehensive-comparison-for-engineers","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.ductileironsuppliers.com\/ar\/ductile-iron-vs-galvanized-steel-comprehensive-comparison-for-engineers.html","title":{"rendered":"\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0627\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0641\u0646: \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u064a\u0646"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0627\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0641\u0646 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\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0647\u0648\u0631\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0632\u0632 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u062f\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0642\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0646\u0629. \u0648\u064a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u064a 3.2-3.61 \u062a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064a\u062a 3 \u062a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064a\u062a \u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646 \u06482.1-2.81 \u062a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064a\u062a 3 \u062a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064a\u062a \u0633\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0643\u0645\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062c\u0646\u064a\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0633\u0641\u0648\u0631 \u0648\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0636\u0626\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0646\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f\u0627\u062a. \u0648\u062a\u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0637\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0642\u064a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u0629 (\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0628) \u0644\u062a\u0643\u064a\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629.<\/p>\n<h3 class=\"\" data-start=\"4084\" data-end=\"4119\" data-immersive-translate-paragraph=\"1\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"ff0a9c93-9496-47f8-929a-8c245af6d7b5\">1.2 \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0641\u0646<\/h3>\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"4121\" data-end=\"4826\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"ff0a9c93-9496-47f8-929a-8c245af6d7b5\" data-immersive-translate-paragraph=\"1\">\u064a\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0641\u0646 \u0628\u0631\u0643\u0627\u0626\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0641\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0641\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062e\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062e\u0636\u0639 \u0644\u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d (\u0625\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062d\u0648\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0641\u0642) \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u063a\u0645\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0646\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0635\u0647\u0631 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 450 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0626\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064b\u0627. \u0648\u062a\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0642 \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0633\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0646\u0643 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0647\u0627 \u0637\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0646\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u064a\u060c \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062d\u0627\u062c\u0632\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u062a\u064a\u0646\u064b\u0627 \u064a\u062d\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0633\u062c\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0637\u0648\u0628\u0629. \u0648\u062a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0644\u0641\u0646\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0641\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0644\u0641\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0644\u0641\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u064a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0633\u0645\u0627\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0637\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0635\u0645\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a.<\/p>\n<h2 class=\"\" data-start=\"4828\" data-end=\"4866\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"ff0a9c93-9496-47f8-929a-8c245af6d7b5\">2. \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629<\/h2>\n<div class=\"_tableContainer_16hzy_1\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"ff0a9c93-9496-47f8-929a-8c245af6d7b5\">\n<div class=\"_tableWrapper_16hzy_14 group flex w-fit flex-col-reverse\" tabindex=\"-1\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"ff0a9c93-9496-47f8-929a-8c245af6d7b5\">\n<table class=\"w-fit min-w-(--thread-content-width)\" data-start=\"4868\" data-end=\"5567\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"ff0a9c93-9496-47f8-929a-8c245af6d7b5\">\n<thead data-start=\"4868\" data-end=\"4967\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"ff0a9c93-9496-47f8-929a-8c245af6d7b5\">\n<tr data-start=\"4868\" data-end=\"4967\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"ff0a9c93-9496-47f8-929a-8c245af6d7b5\">\n<th data-start=\"4868\" data-end=\"4898\" data-col-size=\"sm\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"ff0a9c93-9496-47f8-929a-8c245af6d7b5\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u062a\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062a<\/th>\n<th data-start=\"4898\" data-end=\"4932\" data-col-size=\"sm\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"ff0a9c93-9496-47f8-929a-8c245af6d7b5\">\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0627\u064a\u0644<\/th>\n<th data-start=\"4932\" data-end=\"4967\" data-col-size=\"sm\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"ff0a9c93-9496-47f8-929a-8c245af6d7b5\">\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0641\u0646<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody data-start=\"5068\" data-end=\"5567\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"ff0a9c93-9496-47f8-929a-8c245af6d7b5\">\n<tr data-start=\"5068\" data-end=\"5167\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"ff0a9c93-9496-47f8-929a-8c245af6d7b5\">\n<td data-start=\"5068\" data-end=\"5098\" data-col-size=\"sm\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"ff0a9c93-9496-47f8-929a-8c245af6d7b5\">\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062f<\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"5098\" data-end=\"5132\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"ff0a9c93-9496-47f8-929a-8c245af6d7b5\">60,000-100,000 \u0631\u0637\u0644 \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0628\u0639\u0629 (415-690 \u0645\u064a\u062c\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0644)<\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"5132\" data-end=\"5167\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"ff0a9c93-9496-47f8-929a-8c245af6d7b5\">30,000-80,000 \u0631\u0637\u0644 \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0628\u0639\u0629 (207-550 \u0645\u064a\u062c\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0644)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr data-start=\"5168\" data-end=\"5267\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"ff0a9c93-9496-47f8-929a-8c245af6d7b5\">\n<td data-start=\"5168\" data-end=\"5198\" data-col-size=\"sm\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"ff0a9c93-9496-47f8-929a-8c245af6d7b5\">\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062f\u0648\u062f<\/td>\n<td data-start=\"5198\" data-end=\"5232\" data-col-size=\"sm\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"ff0a9c93-9496-47f8-929a-8c245af6d7b5\">40,000-70,000 \u0631\u0637\u0644 \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0628\u0639\u0629 (275-480 \u0645\u064a\u062c\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0644)<\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"5232\" data-end=\"5267\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"ff0a9c93-9496-47f8-929a-8c245af6d7b5\">30,000-70,000 \u0631\u0637\u0644 \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0628\u0639\u0629 (207-480 \u0645\u064a\u062c\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0644)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr data-start=\"5268\" data-end=\"5367\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"ff0a9c93-9496-47f8-929a-8c245af6d7b5\">\n<td data-start=\"5268\" data-end=\"5298\" data-col-size=\"sm\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"ff0a9c93-9496-47f8-929a-8c245af6d7b5\">\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0629<\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"5298\" data-end=\"5332\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"ff0a9c93-9496-47f8-929a-8c245af6d7b5\">10-18%<\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"5332\" data-end=\"5367\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"ff0a9c93-9496-47f8-929a-8c245af6d7b5\">10-40%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr data-start=\"5368\" data-end=\"5467\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"ff0a9c93-9496-47f8-929a-8c245af6d7b5\">\n<td data-start=\"5368\" data-end=\"5398\" data-col-size=\"sm\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"ff0a9c93-9496-47f8-929a-8c245af6d7b5\">\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0629 (\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0646\u0644)<\/td>\n<td data-start=\"5398\" data-end=\"5432\" data-col-size=\"sm\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"ff0a9c93-9496-47f8-929a-8c245af6d7b5\">150-250 \u0647\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0631<\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"5432\" data-end=\"5467\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"ff0a9c93-9496-47f8-929a-8c245af6d7b5\">120-200 \u0647\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0631<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr data-start=\"5468\" data-end=\"5567\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"ff0a9c93-9496-47f8-929a-8c245af6d7b5\">\n<td data-start=\"5468\" data-end=\"5498\" data-col-size=\"sm\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"ff0a9c93-9496-47f8-929a-8c245af6d7b5\">\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0629<\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"5498\" data-end=\"5532\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"ff0a9c93-9496-47f8-929a-8c245af6d7b5\">28-36 \u00d7 10 \u00d7 10\u00b3 \u0643\u0633\u064a (190-250 \u062c\u064a\u062c\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0644)<\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"5532\" data-end=\"5567\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"ff0a9c93-9496-47f8-929a-8c245af6d7b5\">29-30 \u00d7 10 \u00d7 10\u00b3 \u0643\u0633\u064a (200-210 \u062c\u064a\u062c\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0644)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<div class=\"sticky end-(--thread-content-margin) h-0 self-end select-none\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"ff0a9c93-9496-47f8-929a-8c245af6d7b5\">\n<div class=\"absolute end-0 flex items-end\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"ff0a9c93-9496-47f8-929a-8c245af6d7b5\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"5569\" data-end=\"5691\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"ff0a9c93-9496-47f8-929a-8c245af6d7b5\"><em data-start=\"5569\" data-end=\"5651\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"ff0a9c93-9496-47f8-929a-8c245af6d7b5\">\u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 1. \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0627\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0641\u0646.<\/em><\/p>\n<h2 class=\"\" data-start=\"5693\" data-end=\"5734\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"ff0a9c93-9496-47f8-929a-8c245af6d7b5\">3. \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0646\u0629<\/h2>\n<h3 class=\"\" data-start=\"5736\" data-end=\"5777\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"ff0a9c93-9496-47f8-929a-8c245af6d7b5\">3.1 \u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0627\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644<\/h3>\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"5779\" data-end=\"6178\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"ff0a9c93-9496-47f8-929a-8c245af6d7b5\">\u064a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0627\u064a\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0637\u0644\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0628\u0637\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a - \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0646\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0625\u064a\u062b\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0628\u0648\u0643\u0633\u064a - \u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0642\u0636\u062a \u0628\u0637\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0646\u062a\u064a \u0641\u0639\u0644\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0628\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 100 \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0634\u0622\u062a.<\/p>\n<h3 class=\"\" data-start=\"6180\" data-end=\"6225\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"ff0a9c93-9496-47f8-929a-8c245af6d7b5\">3.2 \u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0641\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644<\/h3>\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"6227\" data-end=\"6672\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"ff0a9c93-9496-47f8-929a-8c245af6d7b5\">\u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0646\u0643 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0641\u0646 \u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629: \u0623\u064a \u062e\u0631\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u064a\u0636\u062d\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0632\u0646\u0643 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062a\u0641\u0636\u064a\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062d\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u0641\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0621. \u064a\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0648\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0646 20 \u0625\u0644\u0649 50 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0641\u062d\u0635\u064b\u0627 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0644\u0641\u0646\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629.<\/p>\n<h2 class=\"\" data-start=\"6674\" data-end=\"6721\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"ff0a9c93-9496-47f8-929a-8c245af6d7b5\">4. \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629<\/h2>\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"6723\" data-end=\"7452\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"ff0a9c93-9496-47f8-929a-8c245af6d7b5\">\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0647\u064a\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0627\u064a\u0644 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645 10-30% \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0641\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u062b\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0643\u0633 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635\u0629 \u0648\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f\u0627\u062a. \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0623\u062e\u0630 \u062a\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0641 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0646 - \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0637\u0644 - \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062b\u0628\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0641\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0639\u0645\u0631 \u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u064a\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 75 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627. \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0641\u0646 \u062c\u0630\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0642\u0635\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0644 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0644 \u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0642\u062f \u062a\u062a\u0643\u0628\u062f \u062a\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0641 \u0625\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0631 \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0628\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644.<\/p>\n<h2 class=\"\" data-start=\"7454\" data-end=\"7486\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"ff0a9c93-9496-47f8-929a-8c245af6d7b5\">5. \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645<\/h2>\n<h3 class=\"\" data-start=\"7488\" data-end=\"7521\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"ff0a9c93-9496-47f8-929a-8c245af6d7b5\">5.1 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0627\u064a\u0644<\/h3>\n<ul data-start=\"7523\" data-end=\"7978\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"ff0a9c93-9496-47f8-929a-8c245af6d7b5\">\n<li class=\"\" data-start=\"7523\" data-end=\"7682\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"ff0a9c93-9496-47f8-929a-8c245af6d7b5\">\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"7525\" data-end=\"7682\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"ff0a9c93-9496-47f8-929a-8c245af6d7b5\"><strong data-start=\"7525\" data-end=\"7558\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"ff0a9c93-9496-47f8-929a-8c245af6d7b5\">\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a<\/strong>: \u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0642\u0648\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0635\u0644.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"\" data-start=\"7683\" data-end=\"7843\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"ff0a9c93-9496-47f8-929a-8c245af6d7b5\">\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"7685\" data-end=\"7843\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"ff0a9c93-9496-47f8-929a-8c245af6d7b5\"><strong data-start=\"7685\" data-end=\"7710\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"ff0a9c93-9496-47f8-929a-8c245af6d7b5\">\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a<\/strong>: \u0623\u0639\u0645\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0641\u0642\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0628\u062d\u060c \u0648\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0633\u062a\u0641\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"\" data-start=\"7844\" data-end=\"7978\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"ff0a9c93-9496-47f8-929a-8c245af6d7b5\">\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"7846\" data-end=\"7978\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"ff0a9c93-9496-47f8-929a-8c245af6d7b5\"><strong data-start=\"7846\" data-end=\"7861\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"ff0a9c93-9496-47f8-929a-8c245af6d7b5\">\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062d<\/strong>: \u062a\u0633\u062a\u0641\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 class=\"\" data-start=\"7980\" data-end=\"8017\" data-immersive-translate-paragraph=\"1\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"ff0a9c93-9496-47f8-929a-8c245af6d7b5\">5.2 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0641\u0646<\/h3>\n<ul data-start=\"8019\" data-end=\"8502\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"ff0a9c93-9496-47f8-929a-8c245af6d7b5\">\n<li class=\"\" data-start=\"8019\" data-end=\"8191\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"ff0a9c93-9496-47f8-929a-8c245af6d7b5\">\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"8021\" data-end=\"8191\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"ff0a9c93-9496-47f8-929a-8c245af6d7b5\" data-immersive-translate-paragraph=\"1\"><strong data-start=\"8021\" data-end=\"8043\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"ff0a9c93-9496-47f8-929a-8c245af6d7b5\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0637\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644\u064a<\/strong>: \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0633\u0648\u0631 \u0648\u0623\u062b\u0627\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0639 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0637\u0639 \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0641\u0646\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"\" data-start=\"8192\" data-end=\"8347\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"ff0a9c93-9496-47f8-929a-8c245af6d7b5\">\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"8194\" data-end=\"8347\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"ff0a9c93-9496-47f8-929a-8c245af6d7b5\" data-immersive-translate-paragraph=\"1\"><strong data-start=\"8194\" data-end=\"8218\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"ff0a9c93-9496-47f8-929a-8c245af6d7b5\">\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/strong>: \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0645\u0647\u064a\u0645\u0646\u0629 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u062e\u0637\u0648\u0637 \u0625\u0645\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0640 PVC \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0640 PEX.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"\" data-start=\"8348\" data-end=\"8502\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"ff0a9c93-9496-47f8-929a-8c245af6d7b5\">\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"8350\" data-end=\"8502\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"ff0a9c93-9496-47f8-929a-8c245af6d7b5\" data-immersive-translate-paragraph=\"1\"><strong data-start=\"8350\" data-end=\"8383\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"ff0a9c93-9496-47f8-929a-8c245af6d7b5\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0632\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062b\u0627\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a<\/strong>: \u0637\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0646\u0643 \u064a\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u064a\u0637\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0642\u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0629.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2 class=\"\" data-start=\"8504\" data-end=\"8549\" data-immersive-translate-paragraph=\"1\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"ff0a9c93-9496-47f8-929a-8c245af6d7b5\">6. \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0629<\/h2>\n<h3 class=\"\" data-start=\"8551\" data-end=\"8586\" data-immersive-translate-paragraph=\"1\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"ff0a9c93-9496-47f8-929a-8c245af6d7b5\">6.1 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0627\u064a\u0644<\/h3>\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"8588\" data-end=\"8928\" data-immersive-translate-paragraph=\"1\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"ff0a9c93-9496-47f8-929a-8c245af6d7b5\">\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0627\u064a\u0644 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0644\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0635\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0633\u0647\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u062f\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u062a\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u064a. \u064a\u0642\u0644\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0635\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 100 \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062c\u0633\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<h3 class=\"\" data-start=\"8930\" data-end=\"8969\" data-immersive-translate-paragraph=\"1\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"ff0a9c93-9496-47f8-929a-8c245af6d7b5\">6.2 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0641\u0646<\/h3>\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"8971\" data-end=\"9333\" data-immersive-translate-paragraph=\"1\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"ff0a9c93-9496-47f8-929a-8c245af6d7b5\">\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0641\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0644\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0648\u064a\u0631\u061b \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0646\u0643 \u062c\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0648\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a. \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0635\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0625\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0646\u0643 \u0648\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u062f\u0648\u064a\u0631\u0647 \u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u0645\u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0637\u0641\u064a\u0641.<\/p>\n<h2 class=\"\" data-start=\"9335\" data-end=\"9380\" data-immersive-translate-paragraph=\"1\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"ff0a9c93-9496-47f8-929a-8c245af6d7b5\">7. \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a<\/h2>\n<h3 class=\"\" data-start=\"9382\" data-end=\"9431\" data-immersive-translate-paragraph=\"1\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"ff0a9c93-9496-47f8-929a-8c245af6d7b5\">7.1 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628 \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0627\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u0635\u064a\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647 7.1 \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0627\u064a\u0644<\/h3>\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"9433\" data-end=\"9816\" data-immersive-translate-paragraph=\"1\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"ff0a9c93-9496-47f8-929a-8c245af6d7b5\">\u064a\u0646\u0637\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0630\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0641 \u0623\u0648 \u0648\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0648\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0639 AWWA C111 (\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629) \u0623\u0648 EN 545\/598 (\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627). \u0648\u062a\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062d\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062b\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u064a\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0648\u062d \u0628\u064a\u0646 100-110 \u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<h3 class=\"\" data-start=\"9818\" data-end=\"9871\" data-immersive-translate-paragraph=\"1\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"ff0a9c93-9496-47f8-929a-8c245af6d7b5\">7.2 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0641\u0646 \u0648\u0635\u064a\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647<\/h3>\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"9873\" data-end=\"10289\" data-immersive-translate-paragraph=\"1\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"ff0a9c93-9496-47f8-929a-8c245af6d7b5\">\u0648\u064a\u062a\u0628\u0639 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0641\u0646 \u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062b\u0628\u064a\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0627\u063a\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629\u061b \u0648\u064a\u062c\u0628 \u062a\u0648\u062e\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0630\u0631 \u0644\u062a\u062c\u0646\u0628 \u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0637\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0646\u0643 \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628. \u062a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062d\u0648\u0635\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u064a \u0623\u0648 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0644\u0641\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629\u064b \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0648\u062d \u0628\u064a\u0646 20 \u064830 \u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<h2 class=\"\" data-start=\"10291\" data-end=\"10323\" data-immersive-translate-paragraph=\"1\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"ff0a9c93-9496-47f8-929a-8c245af6d7b5\">8. \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0629<\/h2>\n<h3 class=\"\" data-start=\"10325\" data-end=\"10413\" data-immersive-translate-paragraph=\"1\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"ff0a9c93-9496-47f8-929a-8c245af6d7b5\">\u06331: \u0645\u0627 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647\u061f<\/h3>\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"10415\" data-end=\"11074\" data-immersive-translate-paragraph=\"1\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"ff0a9c93-9496-47f8-929a-8c245af6d7b5\">\u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u062e\u0637\u0648\u0637 \u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0627\u064a\u0644\u060c \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0628\u0637\u0646\u0629 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0646\u062a\u060c \u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0636\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a \u064a\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 100 \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u064a\u062f\u0629. \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0641\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0646\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u062d\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u0632\u0627\u0641 \u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u062c\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0632\u0646\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0629\u060c \u0648\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0637\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0648\u0646 30-50 \u0633\u0646\u0629. \u0648\u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0646\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u0642\u0635\u0649 \u0642\u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062b\u0648\u0642\u064a\u0629\u060c \u064a\u064f\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0627\u064a\u0644 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645.<\/p>\n<h3 class=\"\" data-start=\"11076\" data-end=\"11160\" data-immersive-translate-paragraph=\"1\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"ff0a9c93-9496-47f8-929a-8c245af6d7b5\">\u06332: \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u062a\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0627\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0641\u0646\u061f<\/h3>\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"11162\" data-end=\"11780\" data-immersive-translate-paragraph=\"1\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"ff0a9c93-9496-47f8-929a-8c245af6d7b5\">\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629\u064b \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0646\u0637\u0648\u064a \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628 \u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0627\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0637\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0628\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0635\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 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\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0627\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0639\u0645\u0631 \u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u064a\u0639\u0648\u0636 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628 \u062a\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0641\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0644.<\/p>\n<h3 class=\"\" data-start=\"11782\" data-end=\"11850\" data-immersive-translate-paragraph=\"1\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"ff0a9c93-9496-47f8-929a-8c245af6d7b5\">\u06333: \u0647\u0644 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0641\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u061f<\/h3>\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"11852\" data-end=\"12376\" data-immersive-translate-paragraph=\"1\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"ff0a9c93-9496-47f8-929a-8c245af6d7b5\">\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629\u064b \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0641\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u062d\u062a\u0649 300 \u0631\u0637\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0635\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0628\u0639\u0629 (20 \u0628\u0627\u0631) \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0645\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u062f\u0631\u062c\u062a\u0647. \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649\u060c \u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0633\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0641\u0626\u0627\u062a \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0627\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0646\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 (\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0626\u0629 51\u060c 52) \u0647\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0634 \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064b\u0627. \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u062a\u062c\u0647\u064a\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0641\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0628\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0637\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0646\u0643.<\/p>\n<h3 class=\"\" data-start=\"12378\" data-end=\"12452\" data-immersive-translate-paragraph=\"1\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"ff0a9c93-9496-47f8-929a-8c245af6d7b5\">\u06334: \u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f\u061f<\/h3>\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"12454\" data-end=\"12934\" data-immersive-translate-paragraph=\"1\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"ff0a9c93-9496-47f8-929a-8c245af6d7b5\">\u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0627\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u0642\u0644\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062c\u0633\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0646\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062b\u0627\u062a \u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0643\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0634\u0649 \u0645\u0639 \u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0621. \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0641\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0644\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0648\u064a\u0631\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0632\u0646\u0643 \u0644\u0645\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0642\u062f \u064a\u062a\u0631\u062a\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u062c\u0633\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0631 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<h3 class=\"\" data-start=\"12936\" data-end=\"13038\" data-immersive-translate-paragraph=\"1\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"ff0a9c93-9496-47f8-929a-8c245af6d7b5\">\u06335: \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u064a\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646 \u0648\u0632\u0646 \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0627\u064a\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0641\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0641\u0626\u061f<\/h3>\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"13040\" data-end=\"13494\" data-immersive-translate-paragraph=\"1\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"ff0a9c93-9496-47f8-929a-8c245af6d7b5\">\u062a\u0632\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0627\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u0631\u0628 \u0645\u0646 80-100 \u0631\u0637\u0644\/\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 (\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u060c 16 \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0629)\u060c \u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0641\u0646 \u0630\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u062b\u0644 \u064a\u0632\u0646 \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a 40-60 \u0631\u0637\u0644\/\u0642\u062f\u0645\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0641\u0646 \u0623\u0633\u0647\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u064a\u062f\u0629. \u0648\u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0632\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062b\u0642\u0644 \u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0627\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0631\u0641\u0639 \u0623\u062b\u0642\u0644 \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062e\u0645\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0647\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u064a\u0644\u0629.<\/p>\n<h3 class=\"\" data-start=\"13496\" data-end=\"13584\" data-immersive-translate-paragraph=\"1\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"ff0a9c93-9496-47f8-929a-8c245af6d7b5\">\u06336: \u0647\u0644 \u062a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0627\u064a\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0641\u0646\u061f<\/h3>\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"13586\" data-end=\"13992\" data-immersive-translate-paragraph=\"1\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"ff0a9c93-9496-47f8-929a-8c245af6d7b5\">\u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0627\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0641\u0646 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0627\u0632\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0648\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0628\u0647\u0629. \u064a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0646\u0639\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0634\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0628\u0637\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0627\u0632\u0644\u0629 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0632\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0648\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0644\u0629.<\/p>\n<h3 class=\"\" data-start=\"13994\" data-end=\"14060\" data-immersive-translate-paragraph=\"1\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"ff0a9c93-9496-47f8-929a-8c245af6d7b5\">\u06337: \u0645\u0627 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f\u061f<\/h3>\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"14062\" data-end=\"14476\" data-immersive-translate-paragraph=\"1\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"ff0a9c93-9496-47f8-929a-8c245af6d7b5\">\u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0627\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u0641\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631 AWWA C151 (\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629) \u0648\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631 ISO 2531\/EN 545\/598 (\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627)\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0637\u064a\u0646. \u0648\u064a\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0641\u0646 \u0628\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631 ASTM A123\/A123M \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0644\u0641\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0645\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062e\u0646 \u0648\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631 ASTM A53\/A53M \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0641\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062f \u0648\u0633\u064f\u0645\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644\u0629.<\/p>\n<h3 class=\"\" data-start=\"14478\" data-end=\"14537\" data-immersive-translate-paragraph=\"1\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"ff0a9c93-9496-47f8-929a-8c245af6d7b5\">\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0624\u0627\u0644 8: \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u062a\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0648\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0647\u064a\u0644\u061f<\/h3>\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"14539\" data-end=\"14982\" data-immersive-translate-paragraph=\"1\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"ff0a9c93-9496-47f8-929a-8c245af6d7b5\">\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0623\u0647\u064a\u0644 \u062e\u0637\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0627\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0637\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a (\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0628\u0637\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646) \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u062d\u0641\u0631\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0637\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 50 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627. \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629\u064b \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0627\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0641\u0646\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0639\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0644\u064a \u0648\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062c\u0644\u0641\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u0642\u062f \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0644\u0632\u0645 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0635\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062a\u0648\u0627\u062a\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0627\u0646\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639\u0627\u064b \u0645\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629.<\/p>\n<h2>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639:<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.awwa.org\/standards\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">\u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 AWWA \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0627\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0647\u064a\u0632\u0627\u062a<\/a> - \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u063a\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 C151 \u0648 C111 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u062b\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0629<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.iso.org\/standard\/62289.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">ISO 2531: \u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0627\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0647\u064a\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647<\/a> - \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0627\u064a\u0644<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.astm.org\/Standards\/A123.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">ASTM A123 \/ A123M - \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0646\u0643 (\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0641\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0645\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062e\u0646) \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0628<\/a> - \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631 ASTM \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0637\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0641\u0646<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.astm.org\/Standards\/A53.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">ASTM A53 \/ A53M - \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0637\u0633 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062e\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0632\u0646\u0643\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0645\u0629<\/a> - \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0641\u0627\u062a ASTM \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u063a\u0637\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0641\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ductile_iron\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0627\u064a\u0644 - \u0648\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0628\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0627<\/a> - \u0646\u0638\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0641\u0644\u0632\u0627\u062a \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0627\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635\u0647 \u0648\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0648\u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631\u0647<\/li>\n<\/ul>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Ductile iron and galvanized steel are two widely used ferrous materials that serve critical roles in piping, structural, and industrial applications. Ductile iron, characterized by its nodular graphite inclusions, offers superior tensile strength, impact resistance, and fatigue life compared to traditional grey cast iron. Galvanized steel, on the other hand, is carbon steel coated with [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":3331,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"default","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"default","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"set","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center 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center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-3330","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-news"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.7 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Ductile Iron vs Galvanized Steel: Comprehensive Comparison for Engineers - Jingang LuoKaiwei<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Discover the key differences between ductile iron and galvanized steel, including mechanical properties, corrosion resistance, lifecycle costs, and sustainability to inform your next project.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" 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