{"id":3288,"date":"2025-05-19T15:07:14","date_gmt":"2025-05-19T07:07:14","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.ductileironsuppliers.com\/?p=3288"},"modified":"2025-05-30T10:47:44","modified_gmt":"2025-05-30T02:47:44","slug":"ductile-iron-modulus-of-elasticity-properties-tests-applications","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.ductileironsuppliers.com\/ar\/ductile-iron-modulus-of-elasticity-properties-tests-applications.html","title":{"rendered":"\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0627\u064a\u0644: \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0635 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0633 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0627\u064a\u0644 - \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u0627\u0648\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u064a\u0648\u0646\u062c - \u0635\u0644\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0647 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0646 \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0628\u0624 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0647\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u064a\u0629. \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0627\u064a\u0644\u060c \u062a\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0648\u062d \u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u064a\u0648\u0646\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 <strong data-start=\"2354\" data-end=\"2372\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"c54c89f6-3be3-4eae-b94f-533452dfb3de\">162 \u0625\u0644\u0649 180 \u062c\u064a\u062c\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0644<\/strong> (\u0645\u0646 23.5 \u00d7 10\u2076 \u0625\u0644\u0649 26 \u00d7 10\u2076 psi) \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0647\u0631\u064a\u0629. \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0635\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0643\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0627\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0628\u0648\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u064a\u0644\u0629.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_3289\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-3289\" style=\"width: 850px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ductileironsuppliers.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/th93e-24320.webp\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-3289\" src=\"https:\/\/www.ductileironsuppliers.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/th93e-24320.webp\" alt=\"\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u064a\u0644\" width=\"850\" height=\"597\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.ductileironsuppliers.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/th93e-24320.webp 850w, https:\/\/www.ductileironsuppliers.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/th93e-24320-300x211.webp 300w, https:\/\/www.ductileironsuppliers.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/th93e-24320-768x539.webp 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 850px) 100vw, 850px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-3289\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u064a\u0644<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h2 class=\"\" data-start=\"2067\" data-end=\"2085\" data-immersive-translate-paragraph=\"1\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"900edbc5-2e35-4bfc-81e0-d41b4d70cc53\">1. \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629<\/h2>\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"2087\" data-end=\"2822\" data-immersive-translate-paragraph=\"1\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"900edbc5-2e35-4bfc-81e0-d41b4d70cc53\">\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0633 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0627\u064a\u0644 - \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u0627\u0648\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u064a\u0648\u0646\u062c - \u0635\u0644\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0647 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0646 \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0628\u0624 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0647\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u064a\u0629. \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0627\u064a\u0644\u060c \u062a\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0648\u062d \u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u064a\u0648\u0646\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 <strong data-start=\"2354\" data-end=\"2372\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"900edbc5-2e35-4bfc-81e0-d41b4d70cc53\">162 \u0625\u0644\u0649 180 \u062c\u064a\u062c\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0644<\/strong> (\u0645\u0646 23.5 \u00d7 10\u2076 \u0625\u0644\u0649 26 \u00d7 10\u2076 psi) \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0647\u0631\u064a\u0629. \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0635\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0643\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0627\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0628\u0648\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u064a\u0644\u0629. \u0625\u0646 \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0646 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0651\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0633\u064f\u0645\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0643\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u062c\u0629.<\/p>\n<h2 class=\"\" data-start=\"2829\" data-end=\"2869\" data-immersive-translate-paragraph=\"1\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"900edbc5-2e35-4bfc-81e0-d41b4d70cc53\">2. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0629<\/h2>\n<h3 class=\"\" data-start=\"2871\" data-end=\"2900\" data-immersive-translate-paragraph=\"1\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"900edbc5-2e35-4bfc-81e0-d41b4d70cc53\">2.1 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u064a\u0648\u0646\u063a (E)<\/h3>\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"2901\" data-end=\"3037\" data-immersive-translate-paragraph=\"1\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"900edbc5-2e35-4bfc-81e0-d41b4d70cc53\">\u064a\u0635\u0641 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u064a\u0648\u0646\u063a\u060c E\u060c \u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0623\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u064a\u0629 (\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u0648\u0643). \u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0627\u064b<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"katex-display\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"900edbc5-2e35-4bfc-81e0-d41b4d70cc53\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-html\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mfrac\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<span class=\"mord mathnormal\">E<\/span><span class=\"mrel\">=<\/span><span class=\"vlist\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">\u03b5\/<\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">\u03c3<\/span><\/span>\u200b<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"3075\" data-end=\"3298\" data-immersive-translate-paragraph=\"1\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"900edbc5-2e35-4bfc-81e0-d41b4d70cc53\">\u062d\u064a\u062b \u03c3 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f (\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629) \u0648 \u03b5 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f (\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0648\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a). \u0641\u064a \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0627\u064a\u0644\u060c \u064a\u0642\u0639 E \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629\u064b \u0628\u064a\u0646 <strong data-start=\"3198\" data-end=\"3217\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"900edbc5-2e35-4bfc-81e0-d41b4d70cc53\">162 \u0648172 \u062c\u064a\u062c\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0644<\/strong> (23.5-25 \u00d7 23.5 \u00d7 10\u2076 \u0631\u0637\u0644 \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0628\u0639\u0629) \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n<h3 class=\"\" data-start=\"3300\" data-end=\"3348\" data-immersive-translate-paragraph=\"1\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"900edbc5-2e35-4bfc-81e0-d41b4d70cc53\">2.2 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635 (G) \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0644\u064a (K)<\/h3>\n<ul data-start=\"3349\" data-end=\"3676\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"900edbc5-2e35-4bfc-81e0-d41b4d70cc53\">\n<li class=\"\" data-start=\"3349\" data-end=\"3503\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"900edbc5-2e35-4bfc-81e0-d41b4d70cc53\">\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"3351\" data-end=\"3503\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"900edbc5-2e35-4bfc-81e0-d41b4d70cc53\" data-immersive-translate-paragraph=\"1\"><strong data-start=\"3351\" data-end=\"3368\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"900edbc5-2e35-4bfc-81e0-d41b4d70cc53\">\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635<\/strong> \u064a\u0642\u064a\u0633 G \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u061b \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0627\u064a\u0644 G \u2248 <strong data-start=\"3428\" data-end=\"3441\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"900edbc5-2e35-4bfc-81e0-d41b4d70cc53\">62-70 \u062c\u064a\u062c\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0644<\/strong> (9.0-10.2 \u00d7 9.0-10.2 \u00d7 10\u2076 \u0631\u0637\u0644 \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0628\u0639\u0629).<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"\" data-start=\"3504\" data-end=\"3676\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"900edbc5-2e35-4bfc-81e0-d41b4d70cc53\">\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"3506\" data-end=\"3676\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"900edbc5-2e35-4bfc-81e0-d41b4d70cc53\" data-immersive-translate-paragraph=\"1\"><strong data-start=\"3506\" data-end=\"3522\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"900edbc5-2e35-4bfc-81e0-d41b4d70cc53\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0628\u0629<\/strong> \u064a\u0635\u0641 K \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0633\u062a\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0643\u064a\u061b \u0648\u062a\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0648\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0627\u064a\u0644 <strong data-start=\"3622\" data-end=\"3637\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"900edbc5-2e35-4bfc-81e0-d41b4d70cc53\">119-137 \u062c\u064a\u062c\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0644<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"3678\" data-end=\"3751\" data-immersive-translate-paragraph=\"1\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"900edbc5-2e35-4bfc-81e0-d41b4d70cc53\">\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0627\u0628\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0645\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0635:<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"katex-display\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"900edbc5-2e35-4bfc-81e0-d41b4d70cc53\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"af715734-e670-4fc9-86e6-4b98e66eab20\">\u0647\u0640=2\u062c\u064a\u0645(1+\u062b\u064f\u0645\u064e\u0651 (1+\u062b\u064f\u0645\u064e\u0651) =3\u0643(1-2\u062b\u064f\u0645\u064e\u0651)<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"3787\" data-end=\"3883\" data-immersive-translate-paragraph=\"1\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"900edbc5-2e35-4bfc-81e0-d41b4d70cc53\">\u062d\u064a\u062b \u03bd \u0647\u064a \u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0648\u0646 (\u2248 0.28-0.31 \u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0627\u064a\u0644).<\/p>\n<h3 class=\"\" data-start=\"3885\" data-end=\"3918\" data-immersive-translate-paragraph=\"1\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"900edbc5-2e35-4bfc-81e0-d41b4d70cc53\">2.3 \u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u0648\u0643<\/h3>\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"3919\" data-end=\"4203\" data-immersive-translate-paragraph=\"1\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"900edbc5-2e35-4bfc-81e0-d41b4d70cc53\">\u064a\u0635\u0645\u062f \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u0648\u0643 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0646 - \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629\u064b \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u062d\u0648\u0644 <strong data-start=\"3978\" data-end=\"3993\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"900edbc5-2e35-4bfc-81e0-d41b4d70cc53\">215-790 \u0645\u064a\u062c\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0644<\/strong> \u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0627\u064a\u0644 - \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0628\u0639\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0648\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645 (\u0627\u0644\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0646\u0629). \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u062c\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0645\u064a.<\/p>\n<h2 class=\"\" data-start=\"1016\" data-end=\"1041\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"a355c12b-7b9f-488e-8985-d05f90c22384\" data-immersive-translate-paragraph=\"1\">3. \u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633<\/h2>\n<h3 class=\"\" data-start=\"1043\" data-end=\"1082\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"a355c12b-7b9f-488e-8985-d05f90c22384\" data-immersive-translate-paragraph=\"1\">3.1 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062f (ASTM E8\/E8M)<\/h3>\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"1083\" data-end=\"1640\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"a355c12b-7b9f-488e-8985-d05f90c22384\" data-immersive-translate-paragraph=\"1\">\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062f \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u064a\u0648\u0646\u062c \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0622\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629. \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0633\u062c\u064a\u0644 \u062a\u0634\u0648\u0647 \u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u062f\u062f\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0639\u0646\u0647 E = \u03c3\/\u03b5 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u064a \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a 0.2% \u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f. \u0648\u062a\u062d\u062f\u062f ASTM E8\/E8M \u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0631\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n<h3 class=\"\" data-start=\"1642\" data-end=\"1670\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"a355c12b-7b9f-488e-8985-d05f90c22384\">3.2 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0629<\/h3>\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"1671\" data-end=\"1830\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"a355c12b-7b9f-488e-8985-d05f90c22384\">\u062a\u0633\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u0636\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u064a\u0633\u0629 (V) \u0648\u0643\u062b\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 (\u03c1)\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"3919\" data-end=\"4203\" data-immersive-translate-paragraph=\"1\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"900edbc5-2e35-4bfc-81e0-d41b4d70cc53\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">E<\/span><span class=\"mrel\">=<\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">\u03c1<\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">V<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\"><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\">\u00b2<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mopen\">(<\/span><span class=\"mord\">1<\/span><span class=\"mbin\">+<\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">\u03bd<\/span><span class=\"mclose\">)<\/span><span class=\"mopen\">(<\/span><span class=\"mord\">1<\/span><span class=\"mbin\">-<\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"mord\">2<\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">\u03bd<\/span><span class=\"mclose\">)<\/span><span class=\"mord\">\/<\/span><span class=\"mopen\">(<\/span><span class=\"mord\">1<\/span><span class=\"mbin\">-<\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">\u03bd<\/span><span class=\"mclose\">)<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"1876\" data-end=\"2344\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"a355c12b-7b9f-488e-8985-d05f90c22384\">\u062d\u064a\u062b \u03bd \u0647\u064a \u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0648\u0646. \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0648\u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0632\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0648\u0631\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0639\u0646\u0647 V \u2248 1.8 \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0629\/\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u00d7 10 \u2075 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0627\u064a\u0644\u061b \u0648\u062a\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0631\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0633\u0631\u0639 \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 E \u0645\u062d\u0633\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649. \u064a\u062a\u064a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062d\u0635 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 100% \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u062f\u0645\u064a\u0631\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627.<\/p>\n<h3 class=\"\" data-start=\"2346\" data-end=\"2382\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"a355c12b-7b9f-488e-8985-d05f90c22384\">3.3 \u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0646\u064a\u0646\u064a<\/h3>\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"2383\" data-end=\"2624\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"a355c12b-7b9f-488e-8985-d05f90c22384\">\u062a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0646\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0636\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0647\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0632\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629\u061b \u0648\u064a\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u062a\u0631\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062d\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a (f) \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062f\u062f E \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0627\u062a \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u0629. \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0642\u0636\u064a\u0628 \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u0644 L\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0637\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0636\u064a A\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0644\u0629 m:<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"3919\" data-end=\"4203\" data-immersive-translate-paragraph=\"1\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"900edbc5-2e35-4bfc-81e0-d41b4d70cc53\"><span class=\"katex-display\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"a355c12b-7b9f-488e-8985-d05f90c22384\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-html\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mfrac\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist-s\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">E<\/span><span class=\"mrel\">=<\/span><span class=\"vlist\">4<span class=\"mord mathnormal\">\u03c0<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t\"><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\">\u00b2<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">f\u00b2<\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">m<\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">\u0644 3 \/ 3 \u0623<\/span><\/span>\u200b\u200b<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"2665\" data-end=\"2809\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"a355c12b-7b9f-488e-8985-d05f90c22384\">\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u062f\u0642\u0629 \u00b1 2% \u0648\u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0628\u0648\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0633\u0637 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a.<\/p>\n<h2 class=\"\" data-start=\"2816\" data-end=\"2866\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"a355c12b-7b9f-488e-8985-d05f90c22384\">4. \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0627\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0646<\/h2>\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"2868\" data-end=\"3022\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"a355c12b-7b9f-488e-8985-d05f90c22384\">\u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0627\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u0641\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0641\u0629 ASTM A536 \u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0646\u0649 \u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062f (ksi) \u0648\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0636\u0648\u0639 (ksi) \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0629 (%). \u062a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0644\u064a:<\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"3024\" data-end=\"3776\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"a355c12b-7b9f-488e-8985-d05f90c22384\">\n<li class=\"\" data-start=\"3024\" data-end=\"3204\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"a355c12b-7b9f-488e-8985-d05f90c22384\">\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"3026\" data-end=\"3204\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"a355c12b-7b9f-488e-8985-d05f90c22384\"><strong data-start=\"3026\" data-end=\"3066\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"a355c12b-7b9f-488e-8985-d05f90c22384\">60-40-18 (ASTM A536 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 60-40-18):<\/strong> \u0645\u0635\u0641\u0648\u0641\u0629 \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u060c \u0645\u0635\u0641\u0648\u0641\u0629 \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u2265 60 \u0643\u064a\u0644\u0648 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0644 (414 \u0645\u064a\u062c\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0644)\u060c \u0648YS \u2265 40 \u0643\u064a\u0644\u0648 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0644 (276 \u0645\u064a\u062c\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0644)\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u2265 18%.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"\" data-start=\"3205\" data-end=\"3339\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"a355c12b-7b9f-488e-8985-d05f90c22384\">\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"3207\" data-end=\"3339\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"a355c12b-7b9f-488e-8985-d05f90c22384\"><strong data-start=\"3207\" data-end=\"3220\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"a355c12b-7b9f-488e-8985-d05f90c22384\">65-45-12:<\/strong> \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644\u060c \u0645\u0635\u0641\u0648\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u064a\u062a\u064a\u0643 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0624\u0644\u0624\u060c \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u2265 12%.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"\" data-start=\"3340\" data-end=\"3498\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"a355c12b-7b9f-488e-8985-d05f90c22384\">\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"3342\" data-end=\"3498\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"a355c12b-7b9f-488e-8985-d05f90c22384\"><strong data-start=\"3342\" data-end=\"3355\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"a355c12b-7b9f-488e-8985-d05f90c22384\">80-55-06:<\/strong> \u0645\u0635\u0641\u0648\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0637\u0629\u060c \u062a\u064f\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f\u061b UTS \u2265 80 ksi\u060c YS \u2265 55 ksi\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u2265 6%.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"\" data-start=\"3499\" data-end=\"3627\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"a355c12b-7b9f-488e-8985-d05f90c22384\">\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"3501\" data-end=\"3627\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"a355c12b-7b9f-488e-8985-d05f90c22384\"><strong data-start=\"3501\" data-end=\"3515\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"a355c12b-7b9f-488e-8985-d05f90c22384\">100-70-03:<\/strong> \u0645\u0635\u0641\u0648\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u0624\u0644\u0624\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u060c \u0645\u0635\u0628\u0648\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0634\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u061b \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u2265 3%.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"\" data-start=\"3628\" data-end=\"3776\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"a355c12b-7b9f-488e-8985-d05f90c22384\">\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"3630\" data-end=\"3776\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"a355c12b-7b9f-488e-8985-d05f90c22384\"><strong data-start=\"3630\" data-end=\"3644\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"a355c12b-7b9f-488e-8985-d05f90c22384\">120-90-02:<\/strong> \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0646\u0632\u064a\u062a\u064a \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0641\u060c \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644\u060c \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u2265 2%.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"3778\" data-end=\"4252\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"a355c12b-7b9f-488e-8985-d05f90c22384\"><strong data-start=\"3778\" data-end=\"3792\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"a355c12b-7b9f-488e-8985-d05f90c22384\">\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0629<\/strong> (\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0626\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0648\u064a) \u062a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0628\u0634\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 E: \u062a\u064f\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f\u0627\u062a \u226590% \u0633\u0631\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0635\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 50% \u0623\u0648 \u0647\u064a\u0627\u0643\u0644 \u062a\u0642\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0629. <strong data-start=\"4017\" data-end=\"4039\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"a355c12b-7b9f-488e-8985-d05f90c22384\">\u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0641\u0648\u0641\u0629<\/strong> (\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0644\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0646\u0633\u064a\u062a) \u0644\u0647 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631 \u0637\u0641\u064a\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u062d\u0646\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f-\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0645\u064a\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u064a \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u064a.<\/p>\n<h2 class=\"\" data-start=\"4259\" data-end=\"4296\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"a355c12b-7b9f-488e-8985-d05f90c22384\">5. \u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u064a \u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0629<\/h2>\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"4298\" data-end=\"4385\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"a355c12b-7b9f-488e-8985-d05f90c22384\">\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u0627\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062f (\u0631\u0637\u0644 \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u00d7 10\u2076 \u0645\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u064a\u062c\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u0636\u0631\u0628 6.895):<\/p>\n<div class=\"_tableContainer_16hzy_1\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"a355c12b-7b9f-488e-8985-d05f90c22384\">\n<div class=\"_tableWrapper_16hzy_14 group flex w-fit flex-col-reverse\" tabindex=\"-1\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"a355c12b-7b9f-488e-8985-d05f90c22384\">\n<table class=\"w-fit min-w-(--thread-content-width)\" data-start=\"4387\" data-end=\"4900\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"a355c12b-7b9f-488e-8985-d05f90c22384\">\n<thead data-start=\"4387\" data-end=\"4486\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"a355c12b-7b9f-488e-8985-d05f90c22384\">\n<tr data-start=\"4387\" data-end=\"4486\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"a355c12b-7b9f-488e-8985-d05f90c22384\">\n<th data-start=\"4387\" data-end=\"4407\" data-col-size=\"sm\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"a355c12b-7b9f-488e-8985-d05f90c22384\">\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 (ASTM A536)<\/th>\n<th data-start=\"4407\" data-end=\"4469\" data-col-size=\"sm\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"a355c12b-7b9f-488e-8985-d05f90c22384\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 (\u0631\u0637\u0644 \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u00d7 10\u2076)<\/th>\n<th data-start=\"4469\" data-end=\"4486\" data-col-size=\"sm\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"a355c12b-7b9f-488e-8985-d05f90c22384\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 (\u062c\u064a\u062c\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0644)<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody data-start=\"4556\" data-end=\"4900\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"a355c12b-7b9f-488e-8985-d05f90c22384\">\n<tr data-start=\"4556\" data-end=\"4624\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"a355c12b-7b9f-488e-8985-d05f90c22384\">\n<td data-start=\"4556\" data-end=\"4576\" data-col-size=\"sm\">120-90-02<\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"4576\" data-end=\"4607\">25.7<\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"4607\" data-end=\"4624\">177.3<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr data-start=\"4625\" data-end=\"4693\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"a355c12b-7b9f-488e-8985-d05f90c22384\">\n<td data-start=\"4625\" data-end=\"4645\" data-col-size=\"sm\">100-70-03<\/td>\n<td data-start=\"4645\" data-end=\"4676\" data-col-size=\"sm\">25.7<\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"4676\" data-end=\"4693\">177.3<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr data-start=\"4694\" data-end=\"4762\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"a355c12b-7b9f-488e-8985-d05f90c22384\">\n<td data-start=\"4694\" data-end=\"4714\" data-col-size=\"sm\">80-55-06<\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"4714\" data-end=\"4745\">25.2<\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"4745\" data-end=\"4762\">173.7<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr data-start=\"4763\" data-end=\"4831\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"a355c12b-7b9f-488e-8985-d05f90c22384\">\n<td data-start=\"4763\" data-end=\"4783\" data-col-size=\"sm\">65-45-12<\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"4783\" data-end=\"4814\">23.8<\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"4814\" data-end=\"4831\">164.1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr data-start=\"4832\" data-end=\"4900\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"a355c12b-7b9f-488e-8985-d05f90c22384\">\n<td data-start=\"4832\" data-end=\"4852\" data-col-size=\"sm\">60-40-18<\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"4852\" data-end=\"4883\">23.8<\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"4883\" data-end=\"4900\">164.1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<div class=\"sticky end-(--thread-content-margin) h-0 self-end select-none\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"a355c12b-7b9f-488e-8985-d05f90c22384\">\n<div class=\"absolute end-0 flex items-end\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"a355c12b-7b9f-488e-8985-d05f90c22384\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"4902\" data-end=\"5102\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"a355c12b-7b9f-488e-8985-d05f90c22384\">\u0648\u0639\u0645\u0648\u0645\u064b\u0627\u060c \u064a\u064f\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0627\u064a\u0644 \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 E \u0636\u064a\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 <strong data-start=\"4952\" data-end=\"4967\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"a355c12b-7b9f-488e-8985-d05f90c22384\">162-180 \u062c\u064a\u062c\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0644<\/strong> (23.5 \u0625\u0644\u0649 26 \u00d7 23.5 \u00d7 10\u2076 psi) \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062a\u0628\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0647\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<h2 class=\"\" data-start=\"1126\" data-end=\"1163\">6. \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649<\/h2>\n<h3 class=\"\" data-start=\"1165\" data-end=\"1184\">6.1 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0627\u062f\u064a<\/h3>\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"1185\" data-end=\"1504\">\u064a\u064f\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629\u064b \u0645\u0646 <strong data-start=\"1243\" data-end=\"1258\">130-162 \u062c\u064a\u062c\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0644<\/strong>\u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0627\u064a\u0644\u060c \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0642\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0643\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0648\u064a\u0642\u0644\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0629. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u0621\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0641.<\/p>\n<h3 class=\"\" data-start=\"1506\" data-end=\"1528\">6.2 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646\u064a<\/h3>\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"1529\" data-end=\"1831\">\u064a\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639 (\u0645\u062b\u0644 A36\u060c 1018) \u0639\u0644\u0649 E \u2248 <strong data-start=\"1577\" data-end=\"1588\">200 \u062c\u064a\u062c\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0644<\/strong>\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a 10-20% \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0627\u064a\u0644\u060c \u0648\u064a\u064f\u0639\u0632\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0646\u064a\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0647\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0624\u0644\u0624\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0634\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u062a. \u062a\u0623\u062a\u064a \u0635\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u062a\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629.<\/p>\n<h3 class=\"\" data-start=\"1833\" data-end=\"1858\">6.3 \u0633\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645<\/h3>\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"1859\" data-end=\"2079\">\u062a\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a \u0633\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0645\u062b\u0644 6061-T6 \u0639\u0644\u0649 E \u2248 <strong data-start=\"1900\" data-end=\"1910\">69 \u062c\u064a\u062c\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0644<\/strong>\u0623\u064a \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u0631\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062b\u0644\u062b \u0648\u0632\u0646 \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0627\u064a\u0644 \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0637\u064a \u0648\u0632\u0646\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u062e\u0641 \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0637\u0639 \u0639\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0635\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0645\u0627\u062b\u0644\u0629.<\/p>\n<h3 class=\"\" data-start=\"2081\" data-end=\"2101\">6.4 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0628\u0648\u0628<\/h3>\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"2102\" data-end=\"2327\">\u064a\u0639\u0643\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0628\u0648\u0628 \u0639\u0645\u0648\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u063a\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0639 E \u2248 <strong data-start=\"2155\" data-end=\"2170\">190-210 \u062c\u064a\u062c\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0644<\/strong>\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0627\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u062a\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629.<\/p>\n<div class=\"_tableContainer_16hzy_1\">\n<div class=\"_tableWrapper_16hzy_14 group flex w-fit flex-col-reverse\" tabindex=\"-1\">\n<table class=\"w-fit min-w-(--thread-content-width)\" data-start=\"2329\" data-end=\"2932\">\n<thead data-start=\"2329\" data-end=\"2407\">\n<tr data-start=\"2329\" data-end=\"2407\">\n<th data-start=\"2329\" data-end=\"2351\" data-col-size=\"sm\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f<\/th>\n<th data-start=\"2351\" data-end=\"2375\" data-col-size=\"sm\">\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u064a\u0648\u0646\u063a (\u062c\u064a\u062c\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0644)<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody data-start=\"2487\" data-end=\"2932\">\n<tr data-start=\"2487\" data-end=\"2574\">\n<td data-start=\"2487\" data-end=\"2509\" data-col-size=\"sm\">\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0627\u064a\u0644<\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"2509\" data-end=\"2533\">162 - 180<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr data-start=\"2575\" data-end=\"2662\">\n<td data-start=\"2575\" data-end=\"2597\" data-col-size=\"sm\">\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0631\u0645\u0627\u062f\u064a<\/td>\n<td data-start=\"2597\" data-end=\"2621\" data-col-size=\"sm\">130 - 162<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr data-start=\"2663\" data-end=\"2752\">\n<td data-start=\"2663\" data-end=\"2685\" data-col-size=\"sm\">\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646\u064a<\/td>\n<td data-start=\"2685\" data-end=\"2709\" data-col-size=\"sm\">\u2248 200<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr data-start=\"2753\" data-end=\"2842\">\n<td data-start=\"2753\" data-end=\"2775\" data-col-size=\"sm\">\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645<\/td>\n<td data-start=\"2775\" data-end=\"2799\" data-col-size=\"sm\">\u2248 69<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr data-start=\"2843\" data-end=\"2932\">\n<td data-start=\"2843\" data-end=\"2865\" data-col-size=\"sm\">\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0645\u0635\u0628\u0648\u0628<\/td>\n<td data-start=\"2865\" data-end=\"2889\" data-col-size=\"sm\">190 - 210<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<div class=\"sticky end-(--thread-content-margin) h-0 self-end select-none\">\n<div class=\"absolute end-0 flex items-end\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h2 class=\"\" data-start=\"2939\" data-end=\"2974\">7. \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u062b\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644<\/h2>\n<h3 class=\"\" data-start=\"2976\" data-end=\"3006\">7.1 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a<\/h3>\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"3007\" data-end=\"3374\">\u064a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0646\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0648\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u062a \u0648\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0641\u0648\u0641\u0629. \u064a\u0639\u0632\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0644\u064a\u062a\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 E\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0646\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f\u0627\u062a - \u062a\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 (&gt; 90 %) \u0645\u0646 E \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0635\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 5% \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0648\u064a.<\/p>\n<h3 class=\"\" data-start=\"3376\" data-end=\"3400\">7.2 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/h3>\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"3401\" data-end=\"3814\">\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062e\u0641\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0628\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0635\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0641\u0648\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u063a\u064a\u0631 E \u0628\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u00b13%. \u064a\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0627\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0633\u0649 (\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0627\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0633\u0649) \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 E \u2248 165-175 \u062c\u064a\u062c\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0627\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629\u064b \u0628\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0628\u0648\u0628. \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0646\u0629 \"\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u064a\u0647\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0632\u0646\u0628\u0631\u0643\".<\/p>\n<h3 class=\"\" data-start=\"3816\" data-end=\"3848\">7.3 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629<\/h3>\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"3849\" data-end=\"4145\">\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646\u060c \u064a\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0635 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0627\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 - \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064b\u0627 <strong data-start=\"3938\" data-end=\"3956\">-0.02 % \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0626\u0648\u064a\u0629<\/strong> \u0628\u064a\u0646 20 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0626\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648400 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0626\u0648\u064a\u0629 - \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0647\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0643\u064a\u0629. \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0627\u0629 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0630\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 (\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643).<\/p>\n<h2 class=\"\" data-start=\"4152\" data-end=\"4197\">8. \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627<\/h2>\n<h3 class=\"\" data-start=\"4199\" data-end=\"4234\">8.1 \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 (\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647\/\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a)<\/h3>\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"4235\" data-end=\"4566\">\u0648\u062a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0627\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 E \u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u064a \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a. \u062a\u062d\u062f\u062f AWWA C151 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u0646 3% \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0631\u060c \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 E = 24 \u00d7 10\u2076 psi (165 \u062c\u064a\u062c\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0644) \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645. \u062a\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0631\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0627\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u0644\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0632\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629.<\/p>\n<h3 class=\"\" data-start=\"4568\" data-end=\"4599\">8.2 \u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a<\/h3>\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"4600\" data-end=\"4875\">\u062a\u0633\u062a\u0641\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0633 \u0648\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0632\u064a\u062c \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0629 (E \u2248 170 \u062c\u064a\u062c\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0644) \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0645\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u0628\u0647 \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0627\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0642\u0644\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0647\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629\u064b \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u064a\u062a\u0647 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u064a \u0648\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u062a\u0647 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u062a\u0639\u0632\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621.<\/p>\n<h3 class=\"\" data-start=\"4877\" data-end=\"4920\">8.3 \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/h3>\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"4921\" data-end=\"5163\">\u062a\u0633\u062a\u0641\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0628\u0648\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0628\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0646 \u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0627\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062d\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0645\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a\u061b \u0648\u064a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0642 E \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621\u064b \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0628\u0624 \u0628\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<h2 class=\"\" data-start=\"5170\" data-end=\"5209\">9. \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645<\/h2>\n<h3 class=\"\" data-start=\"5211\" data-end=\"5237\">9.1 AWWA C151\/C151\/A21.51<\/h3>\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"5238\" data-end=\"5427\">\u064a\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0641\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637\u060c \u0648\u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0627\u064a\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 E = 24 \u00d7 10\u2076 psi \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<h3 class=\"\" data-start=\"5429\" data-end=\"5456\">9.2 ISO 2531 &amp; EN 545<\/h3>\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"5457\" data-end=\"5697\">\u0648\u062a\u0646\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0641\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0648\u0646 (\u03bd = 0.28) \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0641\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0639\u0645\u0631 \u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 100 \u0639\u0627\u0645.<\/p>\n<h3 class=\"\" data-start=\"5699\" data-end=\"5738\">9.3 \u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629<\/h3>\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"5739\" data-end=\"6044\">\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u2265 2.5 \u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0628\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0629. \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0627\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0632\u062d\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u0644\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u062a\u064a \u0636\u0626\u064a\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 (\u062a\u0628\u0637\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0646\u062a\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a).<\/p>\n<h2 class=\"\" data-start=\"6051\" data-end=\"6086\">10. \u062c\u062f\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629<\/h2>\n<div class=\"_tableContainer_16hzy_1\">\n<div class=\"_tableWrapper_16hzy_14 group flex w-fit flex-col-reverse\" tabindex=\"-1\">\n<table class=\"w-fit min-w-(--thread-content-width)\" data-start=\"6088\" data-end=\"6668\">\n<thead data-start=\"6088\" data-end=\"6170\">\n<tr data-start=\"6088\" data-end=\"6170\">\n<th data-start=\"6088\" data-end=\"6102\" data-col-size=\"sm\">\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641<\/th>\n<th data-start=\"6102\" data-end=\"6117\" data-col-size=\"sm\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0641\u0648\u0641\u0629<\/th>\n<th data-start=\"6117\" data-end=\"6130\" data-col-size=\"sm\">\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0629<\/th>\n<th data-start=\"6130\" data-end=\"6140\" data-col-size=\"sm\">E (\u062c\u064a\u062c\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0644)<\/th>\n<th data-start=\"6140\" data-end=\"6170\" data-col-size=\"sm\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody data-start=\"6254\" data-end=\"6668\">\n<tr data-start=\"6254\" data-end=\"6336\">\n<td data-start=\"6254\" data-end=\"6268\" data-col-size=\"sm\">60-40-18<\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"6268\" data-end=\"6283\">\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f\u064a<\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"6283\" data-end=\"6296\">\u2265 80 %<\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"6296\" data-end=\"6306\">164<\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"6306\" data-end=\"6336\">\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0647\u064a\u0632\u0627\u062a<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr data-start=\"6337\" data-end=\"6419\">\n<td data-start=\"6337\" data-end=\"6351\" data-col-size=\"sm\">65-45-12<\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"6351\" data-end=\"6366\">\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f\u064a\/\u062d\u0628\u064a\u0628\u064a<\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"6366\" data-end=\"6379\">\u2265 85 % %<\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"6379\" data-end=\"6389\">168<\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"6389\" data-end=\"6419\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0628\u0648\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr data-start=\"6420\" data-end=\"6502\">\n<td data-start=\"6420\" data-end=\"6434\" data-col-size=\"sm\">80-55-06<\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"6434\" data-end=\"6449\">\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0637<\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"6449\" data-end=\"6462\">\u2265 90 %<\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"6462\" data-end=\"6472\">174<\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"6472\" data-end=\"6502\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0633\u060c \u0642\u0637\u0639 \u063a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr data-start=\"6503\" data-end=\"6585\">\n<td data-start=\"6503\" data-end=\"6517\" data-col-size=\"sm\">100-70-03<\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"6517\" data-end=\"6532\">\u0644\u0624\u0644\u0624\u064a<\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"6532\" data-end=\"6545\">\u2265 90 %<\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"6545\" data-end=\"6555\">178<\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"6555\" data-end=\"6585\">\u0645\u0635\u0628\u0648\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0642\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr data-start=\"6586\" data-end=\"6668\">\n<td data-start=\"6586\" data-end=\"6600\" data-col-size=\"sm\">120-90-02<\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"6600\" data-end=\"6615\">\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0646\u0632\u064a\u062a\u064a<\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"6615\" data-end=\"6628\">\u2265 95 % 95<\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"6628\" data-end=\"6638\">179<\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"6638\" data-end=\"6668\">\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0647\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0621<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<div class=\"sticky end-(--thread-content-margin) h-0 self-end select-none\">\n<div class=\"absolute end-0 flex items-end\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"_tableContainer_16hzy_1\">\n<div class=\"_tableWrapper_16hzy_14 group flex w-fit flex-col-reverse\" tabindex=\"-1\">\n<table class=\"w-fit min-w-(--thread-content-width)\" data-start=\"6670\" data-end=\"7236\">\n<thead data-start=\"6670\" data-end=\"6750\">\n<tr data-start=\"6670\" data-end=\"6750\">\n<th data-start=\"6670\" data-end=\"6689\" data-col-size=\"sm\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f<\/th>\n<th data-start=\"6689\" data-end=\"6707\" data-col-size=\"sm\">\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u0627\u0641\u0629 (\u062c\u0645\/\u0633\u0645 \u0645\u0643\u0639\u0628)<\/th>\n<th data-start=\"6707\" data-end=\"6717\" data-col-size=\"sm\">E (\u062c\u064a\u062c\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0644)<\/th>\n<th data-start=\"6717\" data-end=\"6731\" data-col-size=\"sm\">\u0645\u0624\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629\u00b9<\/th>\n<th data-start=\"6731\" data-end=\"6750\" data-col-size=\"sm\">\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0632\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody data-start=\"6832\" data-end=\"7236\">\n<tr data-start=\"6832\" data-end=\"6912\">\n<td data-start=\"6832\" data-end=\"6851\" data-col-size=\"sm\">\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0627\u064a\u0644<\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"6851\" data-end=\"6869\">7.1<\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"6869\" data-end=\"6879\">162-180<\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"6879\" data-end=\"6893\">1.0<\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"6893\" data-end=\"6912\">1.0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr data-start=\"6913\" data-end=\"6993\">\n<td data-start=\"6913\" data-end=\"6932\" data-col-size=\"sm\">\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0631\u0645\u0627\u062f\u064a<\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"6932\" data-end=\"6950\">7.3<\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"6950\" data-end=\"6960\">130-162<\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"6960\" data-end=\"6974\">0.9<\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"6974\" data-end=\"6993\">1.03<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr data-start=\"6994\" data-end=\"7074\">\n<td data-start=\"6994\" data-end=\"7013\" data-col-size=\"sm\">\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646\u064a<\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"7013\" data-end=\"7031\">7.85<\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"7031\" data-end=\"7041\">\u2248 200<\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"7041\" data-end=\"7055\">1.2<\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"7055\" data-end=\"7074\">1.1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr data-start=\"7075\" data-end=\"7155\">\n<td data-start=\"7075\" data-end=\"7094\" data-col-size=\"sm\">\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645<\/td>\n<td data-start=\"7094\" data-end=\"7112\" data-col-size=\"sm\">2.7<\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"7112\" data-end=\"7122\">\u2248 69<\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"7122\" data-end=\"7136\">1.5<\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"7136\" data-end=\"7155\">0.38<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr data-start=\"7156\" data-end=\"7236\">\n<td data-start=\"7156\" data-end=\"7175\" data-col-size=\"sm\">\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0645\u0635\u0628\u0648\u0628<\/td>\n<td data-start=\"7175\" data-end=\"7193\" data-col-size=\"sm\">7.8<\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"7193\" data-end=\"7203\">190-210<\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"7203\" data-end=\"7217\">1.4<\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"7217\" data-end=\"7236\">1.1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<div class=\"sticky end-(--thread-content-margin) h-0 self-end select-none\">\n<div class=\"absolute end-0 flex items-end\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"7238\" data-end=\"7284\">\u00b9 \u0645\u0624\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0627\u064a\u0644 = 1.0.<\/p>\n<h2 class=\"\" data-start=\"7291\" data-end=\"7333\">11. \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0635\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/h2>\n<h3 class=\"\" data-start=\"7335\" data-end=\"7415\">\u06331: \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u062a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0627\u064a\u0644\u061f<\/h3>\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"7416\" data-end=\"8604\">\u064a\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0635 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0629 (E) \u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0627\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0634\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0647\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0642\u0644\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0635\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0631\u0627\u062a. \u062a\u064f\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0629 (E) \u064a\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636 \u0628\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0631 <strong data-start=\"7639\" data-end=\"7656\">0.02 % \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0626\u0648\u064a\u0629<\/strong> \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0641\u0629 (20 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0626\u0648\u064a\u0629) \u0648400 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0626\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0627\u0636 5-6 % \u0639\u0646\u062f 400 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0626\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629\u064b \u0628\u0640 20 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0626\u0648\u064a\u0629. \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0630\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0643\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u062a\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062b \u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0636\u0646\u0627 \u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a E. \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645\u060c \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0625\u062f\u062e\u0627\u0644 \u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0645\u0627\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0628\u0624 \u0628\u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f. \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0639\u0646\u062f \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 200 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0626\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629\u064b \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0623\u062e\u0630 E \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 <strong data-start=\"8156\" data-end=\"8167\">155 \u062c\u064a\u062c\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0644<\/strong>\u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 400 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0626\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u062f \u064a\u0635\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 <strong data-start=\"8205\" data-end=\"8216\">150 \u062c\u064a\u062c\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0644<\/strong>\u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0644\u0632\u0645 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(\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0645\u0628\u064a\u0631\u064a \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0645\u0628\u064a\u0631\u064a) \u062a\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0642\u064a\u0645 E \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629.<\/p>\n<h3 class=\"\" data-start=\"10859\" data-end=\"10940\">\u06334: \u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0627\u064a\u0644\u061f<\/h3>\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"10941\" data-end=\"11757\">\u062a\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f\u0627\u062a - \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0626\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0643\u0631\u0648\u064a - \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u062a \u062a\u0641\u0631\u0636 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632\u064b\u0627 \u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0636\u0626\u064a\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629\u064b \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0642. \u062a\u064f\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u2265 95 % \u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u064f\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0635\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 <strong data-start=\"11184\" data-end=\"11200\">5 % % \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 E<\/strong> \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0642\u062f\u0629 80 %\u060c \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0641\u0648\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646. \u0642\u062f \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u062a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u062a\u0638\u0645 \u0623\u0648 \u062c\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u062a \u062f\u0648\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0641\u0631\u0627\u063a\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u062a\u0642\u0644\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u062a\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644. \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u062c\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0629 - \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0633\u0631\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u0645\u0639 \u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 E \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 - \u0644\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0641\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0629.<\/p>\n<h3 class=\"\" data-start=\"12608\" data-end=\"12709\">\u06335: \u0645\u0627 \u0647\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0627\u064a\u0644 \u0644\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647\u061f<\/h3>\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"12710\" data-end=\"13555\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u064a <strong data-start=\"12738\" data-end=\"12758\">AWWA C151\/C151\/A21.51<\/strong>, <strong data-start=\"12760\" data-end=\"12772\">ISO 2531<\/strong>\u0648 <strong data-start=\"12778\" data-end=\"12788\">EN 545<\/strong>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f (\u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 E = 24 \u00d7 10\u2076 psi) \u0648\u0641\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0648\u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631. \u062a\u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 AWWA C151 \u062c\u062f\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0648\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0635\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0629\u061b \u0648\u062a\u0641\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 ISO 2531\/EN 545 \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0633\u062a\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0646\u062f 1.5 \u00d7 \u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0635\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0645\u0648\u062d \u0628\u0647 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0641 5 % \u0642\u0637\u0631. \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0637\u0628\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0645\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u062d\u062f \u0623\u062f\u0646\u0649 2.5 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0626\u062f\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0628\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u062f\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 (\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0637\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0646\u062a\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a) \u0648\u062a\u0633\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0629. \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0627\u064b \u0644\u064a\u0639\u0643\u0633 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0637\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0644\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0639\u0645\u0631 100 \u0639\u0627\u0645.<\/p>\n<h2>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639:<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.astm.org\/Standards\/A536.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">ASTM A536 - \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0633\u0628\u0648\u0643\u0627\u062a \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0627\u064a\u0644<\/a> - \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a \u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 ASTM \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0648\u0636\u062d \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0627\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631.<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.awwa.org\/standards-education\/standards\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">AWWA C151\/A21.51 - \u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0627\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0628\u0648\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647<\/a> - \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u0634\u063a\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0644\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0627\u064a\u0644 \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629.<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Young%27s_modulus\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u064a\u0648\u0646\u063a - \u0648\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0628\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0627<\/a> - \u0646\u0638\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u062b\u0648\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u064a\u0648\u0646\u062c \u0648\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0627\u064a\u0644.<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.iso.org\/standard\/63564.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0641\u0629 ISO 2531:2012 - \u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0627\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0647\u064a\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647<\/a> - \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0627\u064a\u0644 \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644.<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nist.gov\/publications\/elastic-properties-metals\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646 - \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 (NIST)<\/a> - \u064a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646 \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0627\u064a\u0644.<\/li>\n<\/ul>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Ductile iron\u2019s modulus of elasticity\u2014often equated with Young\u2019s modulus\u2014quantifies its stiffness under elastic loading and is critical to predicting deflection, vibration, and stress in engineering designs. For ductile iron, typical Young\u2019s modulus values range from 162 to 180 GPa (23.5 \u00d7 10\u2076 to 26 \u00d7 10\u2076 psi) depending on grade and microstructure. This stiffness is [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":3289,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"default","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"default","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"set","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-3288","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-news"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.7 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Ductile Iron Modulus of Elasticity: Properties, Tests &amp; Applications - Jingang LuoKaiwei<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Explore ductile iron\u2019s Young\u2019s modulus (162\u2013180 GPa), measurement methods (tensile, ultrasonic, resonant), microstructural factors, design standards (AWWA C151, ISO 2531), and FAQs in this authoritative 5 000+ word guide.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, 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