{"id":3223,"date":"2025-05-15T11:32:00","date_gmt":"2025-05-15T03:32:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.ductileironsuppliers.com\/?p=3223"},"modified":"2025-05-30T10:59:42","modified_gmt":"2025-05-30T02:59:42","slug":"ductile-iron-casting-defects-types-causes-prevention-guide-2025","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.ductileironsuppliers.com\/ar\/ductile-iron-casting-defects-types-causes-prevention-guide-2025.html","title":{"rendered":"\u0639\u064a\u0648\u0628 \u0635\u0628 \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0627\u064a\u0644: \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0648\u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0627\u064a\u0629 2025"},"content":{"rendered":"

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\"\u0639\u064a\u0648\u0628<\/a>
\u0639\u064a\u0648\u0628 \u0633\u0628\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0627\u064a\u0644<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

I. \u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641 \u0639\u064a\u0648\u0628 \u0633\u0628\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0627\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0628\u0648\u0628<\/h2>\n

\u062a\u0646\u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0639\u064a\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0627\u064a\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062e\u0645\u0633 \u0641\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629:<\/p>\n

    \n
  1. \n

    \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632<\/strong> - \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u063a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u0626\u0628\u0629.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  2. \n

    \u0639\u064a\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0643\u0645\u0627\u0634<\/strong> - \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0641 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0643\u0645\u0627\u0634 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0646\u0643\u0645\u0627\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0644\u0628.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  3. \n

    \u0639\u064a\u0648\u0628 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628<\/strong> - \u0634\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0628 \u0631\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0642\u0634\u0648\u0631\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u062e\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0631\u062f\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  4. \n

    \u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/strong> - \u0623\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  5. \n

    \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/strong> - \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0628 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0633\u0648\u0621 \u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0648\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0642\u064a\u062d.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    \u062a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0643\u0644 \u0641\u0626\u0629 \u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639\u0627\u064b \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0648\u0648\u0642\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0635\u0645\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0635\u064a\u0635\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n

    \u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u064b. \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a<\/h2>\n

    1. \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632<\/h3>\n

    \u064a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0648\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0644\u0628\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0641\u0642\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n

      \n
    • \n

      \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631:<\/strong> \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0637\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0648\u0628\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0644\u0644 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u062d\u064a\u0645.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

    • \n

      \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u064a\u0629:<\/strong> \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0627\u0636 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0630\u0648\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u063a\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0630\u0631\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0639\u0628\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

      2. \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0643\u0645\u0627\u0634<\/h3>\n

      \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0646\u0643\u0645\u0627\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0644\u0628 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u063a\u0630\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062b \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0641 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

        \n
      • \n

        \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645\u0648\u0646:<\/strong> \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0643\u0641\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u060c \u0648\u0633\u0648\u0621 \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0645\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

      • \n

        \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a:<\/strong> \u064a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0641\u0626 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0642\u064a\u062d \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0645\u064a\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u0630\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

        3. \u0639\u064a\u0648\u0628 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628<\/h3>\n

        \u0634\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0628 \u0631\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0642\u0634\u0648\u0631 \u0648\u0642\u0634\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u0644\u0644 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0627\u0630\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

          \n
        • \n

          \u0625\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0627\u0644:<\/strong> \u062d\u0628\u064a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0633\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0632\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0648\u0628\u0627\u0646.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

        • \n

          \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0628:<\/strong> \u0627\u0646\u0641\u0635\u0627\u0644 \u064a\u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062b\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628 \u063a\u0627\u0632 \u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0641\u0646 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0633\u064a\u0621.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

          4. \u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/h3>\n
            \n
          • \n

            \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632\u0627\u062a<\/strong> \u062a\u0639\u0628\u0626\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0627\u0636 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0623\u0648 \u0628\u0637\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0641\u0642.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

          • \n

            \u0627\u0644\u0625\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0629<\/strong> \u062e\u0637\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0635\u0647\u0627\u0631 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u0641\u0634\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062c.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

          • \n

            \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645:<\/strong> \u064a\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646 \u0628\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u062c\u0648\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

            5. \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/h3>\n

            \u0634\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0628 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 (\u0623\u0643\u0627\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0648\u062e\u0628\u062b) \u0648\u0643\u0631\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0648\u062b\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u0626\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0625\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0633\u062f\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

            \n

            \u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u064b\u0627. \u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u062a\u064a\u0634<\/h2>\n
            \n
            \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
            \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629<\/th>\n\u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0641\u0629<\/th>\n\u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0627\u062a<\/th>\n\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u062a<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
            \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062d\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0635\u0631\u064a<\/strong><\/td>\n\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0642\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0642\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632\u0627\u062a<\/td>\n\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629<\/td>\n\u064a\u0641\u062a\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0648\u0628 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
            \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0646\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/td>\n\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d\u064a\u0629\/\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d<\/td>\n\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0646\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n\u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0633\u0637\u062d\u0627\u064b \u0646\u0638\u064a\u0641\u0627\u064b<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
            \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/td>\n\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0643\u0645\u0627\u0634<\/td>\n\u062a\u063a\u0644\u063a\u0644 \u0639\u0645\u064a\u0642<\/td>\n\u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0648\u0628\u060c \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
            \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0639\u0627\u0639\u064a<\/strong><\/td>\n\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0628<\/td>\n\u0627\u0644\u0633\u062c\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645<\/td>\n\u0628\u0627\u0647\u0638\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0645\u0646\u060c \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0648\u0641 \u062a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
            \u0631\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0635\u0648\u062a\u064a \u0631\u0646\u0627\u0646<\/strong><\/td>\n\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0627\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n\u062a\u063a\u0637\u064a\u0629 100%<\/td>\n\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
            \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646<\/strong><\/td>\n\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0647\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0628<\/td>\n\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a<\/td>\n\u0645\u062f\u0645\u0631\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n
            \n
            <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

            \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 1. \u0646\u0638\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062d\u0635 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0645\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629.<\/em><\/p>\n

            \u0631\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0627. \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0627\u064a\u0629<\/h2>\n

            1. \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0648\u0628\u0627\u0646<\/h3>\n
              \n
            • \n

              \u0625\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062a:<\/strong> \u0625\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0625\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0646.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

            • \n

              \u0625\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0633\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0642\u064a\u062d:<\/strong> \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u063a\u0646\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0646\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0642\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0646\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u062a \u0648\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0643\u0645\u0627\u0634.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

              2. \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629<\/h3>\n
                \n
              • \n

                \u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0627\u0644:<\/strong> \u062d\u062c\u0645 \u062d\u0628\u064a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0648\u062d\u062f\u060c \u0631\u0637\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0636\u0628\u0648\u0637\u0629.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

              • \n

                \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062b\u0642:<\/strong> \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0646\u062c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0641\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0644\u062a\u062c\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0634\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

              • \n

                \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0629:<\/strong> \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u0635\u0644\u062d \u0639\u064a\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0631.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                3. \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a<\/h3>\n
                  \n
                • \n

                  \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u062d\u0633\u0651\u0646:<\/strong> \u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u0630\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0629.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

                • \n

                  \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0627\u0629:<\/strong> \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062e\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0631.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                  4. \u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628<\/h3>\n
                    \n
                  • \n

                    \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629:<\/strong> \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0627\u0641\u0630\u0629 \u0636\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u00b1 10 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0626\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u062c\u0646\u0628 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0626 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0631\u062f.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

                  • \n

                    \u0633\u0637\u062d \u0630\u0627\u0626\u0628 \u0646\u0638\u064a\u0641:<\/strong> \u062a\u062e\u0644\u0635 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u062b \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u062b \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                    V. \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629<\/h2>\n

                    \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645<\/h3>\n
                      \n
                    • \n

                      \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u062c\u0648\u0646:<\/strong> \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0648\u0628 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629\u061b \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0646\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u062e\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u062c\u0646\u0628 \u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0648\u064a.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

                    • \n

                      \u0642\u0636\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635\u0629:<\/strong> \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0643\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0643\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u0645\u0639 \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0627\u064a\u0644.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                      \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0643\u064a<\/h3>\n
                        \n
                      • \n

                        \u0627\u0644\u0637\u062d\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0639:<\/strong> \u0642\u0645 \u0628\u0625\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0636 \u0648\u062a\u0646\u0639\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0626\u0629.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

                      • \n

                        \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633:<\/strong> \u0633\u062f\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0633\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0645\u061b \u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                        \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628<\/h3>\n
                          \n
                        • \n

                          \u062d\u0634\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0628\u0648\u0643\u0633\u064a:<\/strong> \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0648\u064a\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u062c\u0629.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

                        • \n

                          \u0631\u0630\u0627\u0630 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a:<\/strong> \u0646\u064a\u0643\u0644 \u0623\u0648 \u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632 \u0644\u062a\u0631\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                          \u0633\u0627\u062f\u0633\u064b\u0627. \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629<\/h2>\n

                          \u064a\u0642\u0644\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0643\u0645\u0627\u0634 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628. \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 1% \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0627\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u062a\u0635\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 20% \u0648\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 30%. \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0628 \u0643\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0644\u0628\u062f\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u064a.<\/p>\n

                          \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0627\u064b. \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631<\/h2>\n
                            \n
                          • \n

                            ASTM A536<\/strong>: \u064a\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0645\u0648\u062d \u0628\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

                          • \n

                            ISO 1083<\/strong>: \u064a\u062d\u062f\u062f \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0627\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u062a.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

                          • \n

                            \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u064a\u0644<\/strong>: \u062a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0646\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0641\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631 ASTM E446.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                            \u062b\u0627\u0645\u0646\u0627\u064b. \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629<\/h2>\n
                              \n
                            1. \n

                              \u062a\u062c\u0647\u064a\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628<\/strong>: \u0642\u0644\u0644 \u0645\u0633\u0628\u0643 \u0628\u0644\u062f\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u064a\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0643\u0645\u0627\u0634 \u0628\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0631 70% \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0627\u0629.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

                            2. \n

                              \u0639\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u062e\u0627\u062a<\/strong>: \u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630 \u062a\u0641\u0631\u064a\u063a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u064a\u0642\u0637\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0641\u0648\u0636\u0629 \u0645\u0646 8% \u0625\u0644\u0649 1%.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

                            3. \n

                              \u0645\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0637 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a<\/strong>: \u0645\u0643\u0651\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u062d\u0635 \u0630\u0627\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0648\u0627\u0626\u064a (RAM) \u0645\u0646 \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 100%\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u062f\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0637\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                              \u062a\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0627\u064b. \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0634\u0626\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u0646\u0629<\/h2>\n
                                \n
                              • \n

                                \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644\u064a:<\/strong> \u062a\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u062f\u0648\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u0639\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062e\u0646\u0629.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

                              • \n

                                \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0651\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u064a\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0637\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a:<\/strong> \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0624\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0641\u062d\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0635\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

                              • \n

                                \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0623\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a:<\/strong> \u064a\u062d\u0627\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0623\u0643\u0645\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u0630\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0648\u0628.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                \u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u062c \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0648\u0628<\/h2>\n