{"id":2607,"date":"2025-05-06T10:35:29","date_gmt":"2025-05-06T02:35:29","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.ductileironsuppliers.com\/?p=2607"},"modified":"2025-05-30T15:19:35","modified_gmt":"2025-05-30T07:19:35","slug":"is-ductile-iron-malleable-or-nodular","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.ductileironsuppliers.com\/ar\/is-ductile-iron-malleable-or-nodular.html","title":{"rendered":"\u0647\u0644 \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0627\u064a\u0644 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0623\u0645 \u0639\u0642\u062f\u064a\u061f"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0627\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u064f\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629\u064b\u00a0<em data-immersive-translate-walked=\"7f096565-ff93-4383-9690-7427919e30dd\">\u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u062f\u064a<\/em>\u0647\u0648 \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0632\u0647\u0631 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0628\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0646\u062a\u0647 \u0648\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0647\u0644 \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0627\u064a\u0644 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0623\u0645 \u0639\u0642\u062f\u064a\u061f \u062a\u0643\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0646\u064a\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0647\u0631\u064a\u0629<strong data-immersive-translate-walked=\"7f096565-ff93-4383-9690-7427919e30dd\">\u064a\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0627\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0643\u0631\u0648\u064a (\u0639\u0642\u062f\u064a)<\/strong>\u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0646\u062d\u0647 \u0635\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0651\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0639\u0629.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_2608\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-2608\" style=\"width: 341px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ductileironsuppliers.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/tle3s-o4518.webp\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-2608\" src=\"https:\/\/www.ductileironsuppliers.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/tle3s-o4518.webp\" alt=\"\u0647\u0644 \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0627\u064a\u0644 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0623\u0645 \u0639\u0642\u062f\u064a\u061f\" width=\"341\" height=\"640\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.ductileironsuppliers.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/tle3s-o4518.webp 341w, https:\/\/www.ductileironsuppliers.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/tle3s-o4518-160x300.webp 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 341px) 100vw, 341px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-2608\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u0647\u0644 \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0627\u064a\u0644 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0623\u0645 \u0639\u0642\u062f\u064a\u061f<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h2 class=\"\" data-start=\"1087\" data-end=\"1121\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"59ef85f9-17b8-4205-88fe-fd7ee0068f4b\" data-immersive-translate-paragraph=\"1\">1. \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0627\u064a\u0644<\/h2>\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"1123\" data-end=\"1523\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"59ef85f9-17b8-4205-88fe-fd7ee0068f4b\" data-immersive-translate-paragraph=\"1\">\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0627\u064a\u0644\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u062f\u064a \u0623\u0648 \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0647\u0648 \u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0647\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u0628\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0648\u0639\u0647. \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0643\u0633 \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0631\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0642\u060c \u064a\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0627\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u062c\u0633\u0627\u0645 \u0643\u0631\u0648\u064a\u0629. \u064a\u0639\u0632\u0632 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644\u0647 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n<hr class=\"\" data-start=\"1525\" data-end=\"1528\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"59ef85f9-17b8-4205-88fe-fd7ee0068f4b\" \/>\n<h2 class=\"\" data-start=\"1530\" data-end=\"1569\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"59ef85f9-17b8-4205-88fe-fd7ee0068f4b\" data-immersive-translate-paragraph=\"1\">2. \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0642<\/h2>\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"1571\" data-end=\"1920\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"59ef85f9-17b8-4205-88fe-fd7ee0068f4b\" data-immersive-translate-paragraph=\"1\">\u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0639\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u064a\u0636 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f\u0627\u062a \u062c\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u062a \u0643\u0631\u0648\u064a\u0629. \u062a\u0636\u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0635\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629\u064b \u0628\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0627\u062f\u064a. \u0648\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0647\u0634\u0627\u0634\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0648\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u0644\u0629.<\/p>\n<hr class=\"\" data-start=\"1922\" data-end=\"1925\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"59ef85f9-17b8-4205-88fe-fd7ee0068f4b\" \/>\n<h2 class=\"\" data-start=\"1927\" data-end=\"1960\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"59ef85f9-17b8-4205-88fe-fd7ee0068f4b\" data-immersive-translate-paragraph=\"1\">3. \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0643\u0634\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u062f\u064a<\/h2>\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"1962\" data-end=\"2296\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"59ef85f9-17b8-4205-88fe-fd7ee0068f4b\">\u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u062f\u064a \u0623\u0648 \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0627\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0646\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0635\u0647\u0631. \u0648\u064a\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0639\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f\u0627\u062a \u062c\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u062a \u0643\u0631\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0645\u0635\u0641\u0648\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f. \u0648\u064a\u0639\u0632\u0632 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f.<\/p>\n<hr class=\"\" data-start=\"2298\" data-end=\"2301\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"59ef85f9-17b8-4205-88fe-fd7ee0068f4b\" \/>\n<h2 class=\"\" data-start=\"2303\" data-end=\"2362\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"59ef85f9-17b8-4205-88fe-fd7ee0068f4b\">4. \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646: \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u062f\u064a<\/h2>\n<div class=\"_tableContainer_16hzy_1\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"59ef85f9-17b8-4205-88fe-fd7ee0068f4b\">\n<div class=\"_tableWrapper_16hzy_14 group flex w-fit flex-col-reverse\" tabindex=\"-1\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"59ef85f9-17b8-4205-88fe-fd7ee0068f4b\">\n<table class=\"w-fit min-w-(--thread-content-width)\" data-start=\"2364\" data-end=\"3257\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"59ef85f9-17b8-4205-88fe-fd7ee0068f4b\">\n<thead data-start=\"2364\" data-end=\"2462\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"59ef85f9-17b8-4205-88fe-fd7ee0068f4b\">\n<tr data-start=\"2364\" data-end=\"2462\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"59ef85f9-17b8-4205-88fe-fd7ee0068f4b\">\n<th data-start=\"2364\" data-end=\"2389\" data-col-size=\"sm\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"59ef85f9-17b8-4205-88fe-fd7ee0068f4b\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u062a\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062a<\/th>\n<th data-start=\"2389\" data-end=\"2425\" data-col-size=\"sm\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"59ef85f9-17b8-4205-88fe-fd7ee0068f4b\">\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0642<\/th>\n<th data-start=\"2425\" data-end=\"2462\" data-col-size=\"sm\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"59ef85f9-17b8-4205-88fe-fd7ee0068f4b\">\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u062f\u064a (\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0627\u064a\u0644)<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody data-start=\"2562\" data-end=\"3257\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"59ef85f9-17b8-4205-88fe-fd7ee0068f4b\">\n<tr data-start=\"2562\" data-end=\"2660\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"59ef85f9-17b8-4205-88fe-fd7ee0068f4b\">\n<td data-start=\"2562\" data-end=\"2587\" data-col-size=\"sm\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"59ef85f9-17b8-4205-88fe-fd7ee0068f4b\">\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u062a<\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"2587\" data-end=\"2623\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"59ef85f9-17b8-4205-88fe-fd7ee0068f4b\">\u0643\u0631\u0648\u064a<\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"2623\" data-end=\"2660\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"59ef85f9-17b8-4205-88fe-fd7ee0068f4b\">\u0643\u0631\u0648\u064a<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr data-start=\"2661\" data-end=\"2762\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"59ef85f9-17b8-4205-88fe-fd7ee0068f4b\">\n<td data-start=\"2661\" data-end=\"2686\" data-col-size=\"sm\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"59ef85f9-17b8-4205-88fe-fd7ee0068f4b\">\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c<\/td>\n<td data-start=\"2686\" data-end=\"2722\" data-col-size=\"sm\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"59ef85f9-17b8-4205-88fe-fd7ee0068f4b\">\u062a\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u064a\u0636<\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"2722\" data-end=\"2762\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"59ef85f9-17b8-4205-88fe-fd7ee0068f4b\">\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0646\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0635\u0647\u0631<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr data-start=\"2763\" data-end=\"2861\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"59ef85f9-17b8-4205-88fe-fd7ee0068f4b\">\n<td data-start=\"2763\" data-end=\"2788\" data-col-size=\"sm\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"59ef85f9-17b8-4205-88fe-fd7ee0068f4b\">\u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0629<\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"2788\" data-end=\"2824\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"59ef85f9-17b8-4205-88fe-fd7ee0068f4b\">\u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u0644<\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"2824\" data-end=\"2861\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"59ef85f9-17b8-4205-88fe-fd7ee0068f4b\">\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr data-start=\"2862\" data-end=\"2960\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"59ef85f9-17b8-4205-88fe-fd7ee0068f4b\">\n<td data-start=\"2862\" data-end=\"2887\" data-col-size=\"sm\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"59ef85f9-17b8-4205-88fe-fd7ee0068f4b\">\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629<\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"2887\" data-end=\"2923\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"59ef85f9-17b8-4205-88fe-fd7ee0068f4b\">\u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u0644<\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"2923\" data-end=\"2960\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"59ef85f9-17b8-4205-88fe-fd7ee0068f4b\">\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr data-start=\"2961\" data-end=\"3059\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"59ef85f9-17b8-4205-88fe-fd7ee0068f4b\">\n<td data-start=\"2961\" data-end=\"2986\" data-col-size=\"sm\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"59ef85f9-17b8-4205-88fe-fd7ee0068f4b\">\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a<\/td>\n<td data-start=\"2986\" data-end=\"3022\" data-col-size=\"sm\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"59ef85f9-17b8-4205-88fe-fd7ee0068f4b\">\u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u0644<\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"3022\" data-end=\"3059\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"59ef85f9-17b8-4205-88fe-fd7ee0068f4b\">\u0645\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0632<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr data-start=\"3060\" data-end=\"3158\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"59ef85f9-17b8-4205-88fe-fd7ee0068f4b\">\n<td data-start=\"3060\" data-end=\"3085\" data-col-size=\"sm\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"59ef85f9-17b8-4205-88fe-fd7ee0068f4b\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629<\/td>\n<td data-start=\"3085\" data-end=\"3121\" data-col-size=\"sm\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"59ef85f9-17b8-4205-88fe-fd7ee0068f4b\">\u0623\u0642\u0644<\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"3121\" data-end=\"3158\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"59ef85f9-17b8-4205-88fe-fd7ee0068f4b\">\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr data-start=\"3159\" data-end=\"3257\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"59ef85f9-17b8-4205-88fe-fd7ee0068f4b\">\n<td data-start=\"3159\" data-end=\"3184\" data-col-size=\"sm\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"59ef85f9-17b8-4205-88fe-fd7ee0068f4b\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a<\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"3184\" data-end=\"3220\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"59ef85f9-17b8-4205-88fe-fd7ee0068f4b\">\u062a\u062c\u0647\u064a\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0633<\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"3220\" data-end=\"3257\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"59ef85f9-17b8-4205-88fe-fd7ee0068f4b\">\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u0627\u062a<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<div class=\"sticky end-(--thread-content-margin) h-0 self-end select-none\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"59ef85f9-17b8-4205-88fe-fd7ee0068f4b\">\n<div class=\"absolute end-0 flex items-end\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"59ef85f9-17b8-4205-88fe-fd7ee0068f4b\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<hr class=\"\" data-start=\"3259\" data-end=\"3262\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"59ef85f9-17b8-4205-88fe-fd7ee0068f4b\" \/>\n<h2 class=\"\" data-start=\"3264\" data-end=\"3317\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"59ef85f9-17b8-4205-88fe-fd7ee0068f4b\">5. \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u062f\u064a<\/h2>\n<ul data-start=\"3319\" data-end=\"3660\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"59ef85f9-17b8-4205-88fe-fd7ee0068f4b\">\n<li class=\"\" data-start=\"3319\" data-end=\"3473\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"59ef85f9-17b8-4205-88fe-fd7ee0068f4b\">\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"3321\" data-end=\"3473\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"59ef85f9-17b8-4205-88fe-fd7ee0068f4b\"><strong data-start=\"3321\" data-end=\"3344\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"59ef85f9-17b8-4205-88fe-fd7ee0068f4b\">\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0642<\/strong>: \u062a\u064f\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u062a\u062c\u0647\u064a\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0633 \u0648\u0642\u0637\u0639 \u063a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"\" data-start=\"3475\" data-end=\"3660\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"59ef85f9-17b8-4205-88fe-fd7ee0068f4b\">\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"3477\" data-end=\"3660\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"59ef85f9-17b8-4205-88fe-fd7ee0068f4b\"><strong data-start=\"3477\" data-end=\"3498\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"59ef85f9-17b8-4205-88fe-fd7ee0068f4b\">\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u062f\u064a<\/strong>: \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0642\u0648\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0626\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u062a\u0647 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u064f\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0642\u0637\u0639 \u063a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<hr class=\"\" data-start=\"3662\" data-end=\"3665\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"59ef85f9-17b8-4205-88fe-fd7ee0068f4b\" \/>\n<h2 class=\"\" data-start=\"3667\" data-end=\"3710\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"59ef85f9-17b8-4205-88fe-fd7ee0068f4b\">6. \u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0641\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627<\/h2>\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"3712\" data-end=\"3827\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"59ef85f9-17b8-4205-88fe-fd7ee0068f4b\">\u064a\u062e\u0636\u0639 \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621:<\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"3829\" data-end=\"4026\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"59ef85f9-17b8-4205-88fe-fd7ee0068f4b\">\n<li class=\"\" data-start=\"3829\" data-end=\"3895\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"59ef85f9-17b8-4205-88fe-fd7ee0068f4b\">\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"3831\" data-end=\"3895\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"59ef85f9-17b8-4205-88fe-fd7ee0068f4b\"><strong data-start=\"3831\" data-end=\"3843\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"59ef85f9-17b8-4205-88fe-fd7ee0068f4b\">ASTM A47<\/strong>: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0633\u0628\u0648\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0642<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"\" data-start=\"3896\" data-end=\"3961\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"59ef85f9-17b8-4205-88fe-fd7ee0068f4b\">\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"3898\" data-end=\"3961\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"59ef85f9-17b8-4205-88fe-fd7ee0068f4b\"><strong data-start=\"3898\" data-end=\"3911\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"59ef85f9-17b8-4205-88fe-fd7ee0068f4b\">ASTM A536<\/strong>: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0633\u0628\u0648\u0643\u0627\u062a \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0627\u064a\u0644<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"\" data-start=\"3962\" data-end=\"4026\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"59ef85f9-17b8-4205-88fe-fd7ee0068f4b\">\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"3964\" data-end=\"4026\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"59ef85f9-17b8-4205-88fe-fd7ee0068f4b\"><strong data-start=\"3964\" data-end=\"3976\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"59ef85f9-17b8-4205-88fe-fd7ee0068f4b\">ISO 1083<\/strong>: \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0641\u0627\u062a \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0628\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0648\u064a<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"4028\" data-end=\"4138\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"59ef85f9-17b8-4205-88fe-fd7ee0068f4b\">\u062a\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629.<\/p>\n<hr class=\"\" data-start=\"4140\" data-end=\"4143\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"59ef85f9-17b8-4205-88fe-fd7ee0068f4b\" \/>\n<h2 class=\"\" data-start=\"4145\" data-end=\"4174\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"59ef85f9-17b8-4205-88fe-fd7ee0068f4b\">7. \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639<\/h2>\n<ul data-start=\"4176\" data-end=\"4448\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"59ef85f9-17b8-4205-88fe-fd7ee0068f4b\">\n<li class=\"\" data-start=\"4176\" data-end=\"4300\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"59ef85f9-17b8-4205-88fe-fd7ee0068f4b\">\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"4178\" data-end=\"4300\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"59ef85f9-17b8-4205-88fe-fd7ee0068f4b\"><strong data-start=\"4178\" data-end=\"4201\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"59ef85f9-17b8-4205-88fe-fd7ee0068f4b\">\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0642<\/strong>: \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c\u0647 \u0639\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u064a\u0636 \u062b\u0645 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f\u0627\u062a \u062c\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u062a \u0643\u0631\u0648\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"\" data-start=\"4302\" data-end=\"4448\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"59ef85f9-17b8-4205-88fe-fd7ee0068f4b\">\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"4304\" data-end=\"4448\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"59ef85f9-17b8-4205-88fe-fd7ee0068f4b\"><strong data-start=\"4304\" data-end=\"4325\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"59ef85f9-17b8-4205-88fe-fd7ee0068f4b\">\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u062f\u064a<\/strong>: \u064a\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0628\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0646\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0635\u0647\u0631 \u0644\u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0644\u0628.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<hr class=\"\" data-start=\"4450\" data-end=\"4453\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"59ef85f9-17b8-4205-88fe-fd7ee0068f4b\" \/>\n<h2 class=\"\" data-start=\"4455\" data-end=\"4493\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"59ef85f9-17b8-4205-88fe-fd7ee0068f4b\">8. \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629<\/h2>\n<div class=\"_tableContainer_16hzy_1\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"59ef85f9-17b8-4205-88fe-fd7ee0068f4b\">\n<div class=\"_tableWrapper_16hzy_14 group flex w-fit flex-col-reverse\" tabindex=\"-1\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"59ef85f9-17b8-4205-88fe-fd7ee0068f4b\">\n<table class=\"w-fit min-w-(--thread-content-width)\" data-start=\"4495\" data-end=\"5088\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"59ef85f9-17b8-4205-88fe-fd7ee0068f4b\">\n<thead data-start=\"4495\" data-end=\"4593\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"59ef85f9-17b8-4205-88fe-fd7ee0068f4b\">\n<tr data-start=\"4495\" data-end=\"4593\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"59ef85f9-17b8-4205-88fe-fd7ee0068f4b\">\n<th data-start=\"4495\" data-end=\"4520\" data-col-size=\"sm\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"59ef85f9-17b8-4205-88fe-fd7ee0068f4b\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u062a\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062a<\/th>\n<th data-start=\"4520\" data-end=\"4556\" data-col-size=\"sm\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"59ef85f9-17b8-4205-88fe-fd7ee0068f4b\">\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0642<\/th>\n<th data-start=\"4556\" data-end=\"4593\" data-col-size=\"sm\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"59ef85f9-17b8-4205-88fe-fd7ee0068f4b\">\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u062f\u064a (\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0627\u064a\u0644)<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody data-start=\"4693\" data-end=\"5088\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"59ef85f9-17b8-4205-88fe-fd7ee0068f4b\">\n<tr data-start=\"4693\" data-end=\"4791\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"59ef85f9-17b8-4205-88fe-fd7ee0068f4b\">\n<td data-start=\"4693\" data-end=\"4718\" data-col-size=\"sm\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"59ef85f9-17b8-4205-88fe-fd7ee0068f4b\">\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062f<\/td>\n<td data-start=\"4718\" data-end=\"4754\" data-col-size=\"sm\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"59ef85f9-17b8-4205-88fe-fd7ee0068f4b\">33,000 - 70,000 \u0631\u0637\u0644 \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0628\u0639\u0629<\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"4754\" data-end=\"4791\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"59ef85f9-17b8-4205-88fe-fd7ee0068f4b\">60,000 - 120,000 \u0631\u0637\u0644 \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0628\u0639\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr data-start=\"4792\" data-end=\"4890\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"59ef85f9-17b8-4205-88fe-fd7ee0068f4b\">\n<td data-start=\"4792\" data-end=\"4817\" data-col-size=\"sm\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"59ef85f9-17b8-4205-88fe-fd7ee0068f4b\">\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062f\u0648\u062f<\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"4817\" data-end=\"4853\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"59ef85f9-17b8-4205-88fe-fd7ee0068f4b\">25,000 - 60,000 \u0631\u0637\u0644 \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0628\u0639\u0629<\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"4853\" data-end=\"4890\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"59ef85f9-17b8-4205-88fe-fd7ee0068f4b\">40,000 - 100,000 \u0631\u0637\u0644 \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0628\u0639\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr data-start=\"4891\" data-end=\"4989\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"59ef85f9-17b8-4205-88fe-fd7ee0068f4b\">\n<td data-start=\"4891\" data-end=\"4916\" data-col-size=\"sm\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"59ef85f9-17b8-4205-88fe-fd7ee0068f4b\">\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0629<\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"4916\" data-end=\"4952\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"59ef85f9-17b8-4205-88fe-fd7ee0068f4b\">12% - 20%<\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"4952\" data-end=\"4989\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"59ef85f9-17b8-4205-88fe-fd7ee0068f4b\">18% - 25%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr data-start=\"4990\" data-end=\"5088\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"59ef85f9-17b8-4205-88fe-fd7ee0068f4b\">\n<td data-start=\"4990\" data-end=\"5015\" data-col-size=\"sm\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"59ef85f9-17b8-4205-88fe-fd7ee0068f4b\">\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0629<\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"5015\" data-end=\"5051\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"59ef85f9-17b8-4205-88fe-fd7ee0068f4b\">130 - 250 HB 130 - 250 HB<\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"5051\" data-end=\"5088\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"59ef85f9-17b8-4205-88fe-fd7ee0068f4b\">170 - 300 HB 170 - 300 HB<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<div class=\"sticky end-(--thread-content-margin) h-0 self-end select-none\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"59ef85f9-17b8-4205-88fe-fd7ee0068f4b\">\n<div class=\"absolute end-0 flex items-end\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"59ef85f9-17b8-4205-88fe-fd7ee0068f4b\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<hr class=\"\" data-start=\"5090\" data-end=\"5093\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"59ef85f9-17b8-4205-88fe-fd7ee0068f4b\" \/>\n<h2 class=\"\" data-start=\"5095\" data-end=\"5136\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"59ef85f9-17b8-4205-88fe-fd7ee0068f4b\">9. \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0646\u0629<\/h2>\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"5138\" data-end=\"5406\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"59ef85f9-17b8-4205-88fe-fd7ee0068f4b\">\u0648\u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0643\u0644\u062a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u062c\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u062f\u064a \u064a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u062a\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0626\u0642\u0629. \u0648\u064a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645.<\/p>\n<hr class=\"\" data-start=\"5408\" data-end=\"5411\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"59ef85f9-17b8-4205-88fe-fd7ee0068f4b\" \/>\n<h2 class=\"\" data-start=\"5413\" data-end=\"5461\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"59ef85f9-17b8-4205-88fe-fd7ee0068f4b\">10. \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629<\/h2>\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"5463\" data-end=\"5742\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"59ef85f9-17b8-4205-88fe-fd7ee0068f4b\">\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629\u064b \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637\u0629 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c\u0647. \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u062f\u064a \u0628\u0639\u0645\u0631\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0627\u0636 \u062a\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0629.<\/p>\n<hr class=\"\" data-start=\"5744\" data-end=\"5747\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"59ef85f9-17b8-4205-88fe-fd7ee0068f4b\" \/>\n<h2 class=\"\" data-start=\"5749\" data-end=\"5795\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"59ef85f9-17b8-4205-88fe-fd7ee0068f4b\">11. \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a\u0629<\/h2>\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"5797\" data-end=\"6014\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"59ef85f9-17b8-4205-88fe-fd7ee0068f4b\">\u0643\u0644\u062a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0645\u0635\u0628\u0648\u0628\u0627\u062a \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629. \u0648\u064a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a \u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0644\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062b\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n<hr class=\"\" data-start=\"6016\" data-end=\"6019\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"59ef85f9-17b8-4205-88fe-fd7ee0068f4b\" \/>\n<h2 class=\"\" data-start=\"6021\" data-end=\"6061\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"59ef85f9-17b8-4205-88fe-fd7ee0068f4b\">12. \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639\u0629 (FAQs)<\/h2>\n<h3 class=\"\" data-start=\"6063\" data-end=\"6143\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"59ef85f9-17b8-4205-88fe-fd7ee0068f4b\">12.1 \u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u062f\u064a\u061f<\/h3>\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"6145\" data-end=\"6516\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"59ef85f9-17b8-4205-88fe-fd7ee0068f4b\">\u064a\u0643\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0629. \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0639\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u064a\u0636 \u0644\u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f\u0627\u062a \u062c\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u062a \u0643\u0631\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u0644\u0629. \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u062f\u064a \u0639\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0646\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0647\u0648\u0631\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n<h3 class=\"\" data-start=\"6518\" data-end=\"6587\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"59ef85f9-17b8-4205-88fe-fd7ee0068f4b\">12.2 \u0647\u0644 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f\u061f<\/h3>\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"6589\" data-end=\"6852\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"59ef85f9-17b8-4205-88fe-fd7ee0068f4b\">\u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u064a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0627\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0643\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0648\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a\u060c \u064a\u064f\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u062f\u064a \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0642\u0648\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0626\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u062a\u0647 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n<h3 class=\"\" data-start=\"6854\" data-end=\"6924\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"59ef85f9-17b8-4205-88fe-fd7ee0068f4b\">12.3 \u0647\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u062f\u064a \u0623\u063a\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0642\u061f<\/h3>\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"6926\" data-end=\"7168\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"59ef85f9-17b8-4205-88fe-fd7ee0068f4b\">\u0646\u0639\u0645\u060c \u0625\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u062f\u064a \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062a\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0646\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0645\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0642. \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0641\u0648\u0642\u0629 \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0628\u0631\u0631 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n<h3 class=\"\" data-start=\"7170\" data-end=\"7246\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"59ef85f9-17b8-4205-88fe-fd7ee0068f4b\">12.4 \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u062a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0647\u0631\u061f<\/h3>\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"7248\" data-end=\"7545\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"59ef85f9-17b8-4205-88fe-fd7ee0068f4b\">\u064a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u062a \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0647\u0631. \u062a\u0642\u0644\u0644 \u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0642\u0627\u0637 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0632\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a. \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u064a\u0636 \u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0642\u0634\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062e\u0644\u0642 \u0646\u0642\u0627\u0637 \u0636\u063a\u0637\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0634\u0627\u0634\u0629.<\/p>\n<h3 class=\"\" data-start=\"7547\" data-end=\"7609\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"59ef85f9-17b8-4205-88fe-fd7ee0068f4b\">12.5 \u0647\u0644 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u062f\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f\u0627\u062a\u061f<\/h3>\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"7611\" data-end=\"7798\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"59ef85f9-17b8-4205-88fe-fd7ee0068f4b\">\u0646\u0639\u0645\u060c \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0648\u064a\u0631. \u0648\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0635\u0647\u0631\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0648\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0645\u0635\u0628\u0648\u0628\u0627\u062a \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639.<\/p>\n<h3 class=\"\" data-start=\"7800\" data-end=\"7880\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"59ef85f9-17b8-4205-88fe-fd7ee0068f4b\">12.6 \u0645\u0627 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f\u0627\u062a\u061f<\/h3>\n<ul data-start=\"7882\" data-end=\"8214\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"59ef85f9-17b8-4205-88fe-fd7ee0068f4b\">\n<li class=\"\" data-start=\"7882\" data-end=\"8032\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"59ef85f9-17b8-4205-88fe-fd7ee0068f4b\">\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"7884\" data-end=\"8032\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"59ef85f9-17b8-4205-88fe-fd7ee0068f4b\"><strong data-start=\"7884\" data-end=\"7907\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"59ef85f9-17b8-4205-88fe-fd7ee0068f4b\">\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0642<\/strong>: \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u062a\u062c\u0647\u064a\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0633 \u0648\u0642\u0637\u0639 \u063a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"\" data-start=\"8034\" data-end=\"8214\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"59ef85f9-17b8-4205-88fe-fd7ee0068f4b\">\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"8036\" data-end=\"8214\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"59ef85f9-17b8-4205-88fe-fd7ee0068f4b\"><strong data-start=\"8036\" data-end=\"8057\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"59ef85f9-17b8-4205-88fe-fd7ee0068f4b\">\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u062f\u064a<\/strong>: \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0642\u0637\u0639 \u063a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0642\u0648\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0626\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<hr class=\"\" data-start=\"8216\" data-end=\"8219\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"59ef85f9-17b8-4205-88fe-fd7ee0068f4b\" \/>\n<h2 class=\"\" data-start=\"8221\" data-end=\"8238\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"59ef85f9-17b8-4205-88fe-fd7ee0068f4b\">13. \u062e\u0627\u062a\u0645\u0629<\/h2>\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"8240\" data-end=\"8818\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"59ef85f9-17b8-4205-88fe-fd7ee0068f4b\">\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0643\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u062f\u064a \u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0646\u0648\u0639\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0647\u0631 \u0645\u0639 \u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629\u064b \u0628\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0627\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641\u064b\u0627 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a. \u064a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u062f\u064a \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0641\u0627\u0626\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644\u0647 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629. \u0625\u0646 \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639:<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ductile_iron\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0627\u064a\u0644 - \u0648\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0628\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0627<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.astm.org\/PRODUCTS\/SPECIFICATION\/A536.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">ASTM A536 - \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0633\u0628\u0648\u0643\u0627\u062a \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0627\u064a\u0644<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.iron-foundry.com\/malleable-iron\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">\u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0642 - \u0645\u0633\u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.iso.org\/standard\/59031.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">ISO 1083 - \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0641\u0627\u062a \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0628\u0648\u0628<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.dii.org\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b \u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0627\u064a\u0644 (DIPRA)<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Ductile iron, often called\u00a0nodular iron, is a high-strength cast iron known for its exceptional flexibility and durability. But is ductile iron malleable or nodular? The answer lies in its microstructure\u2014ductile iron contains graphite in spherical (nodular) form, giving it greater toughness than traditional cast iron while maintaining impressive malleability. 1. Introduction to Ductile Iron Ductile [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":2608,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"default","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"default","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"set","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2607","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-news"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.7 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Is Ductile Iron Malleable or Nodular? - Jingang LuoKaiwei<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Learn about ductile iron&#039;s properties, its classification as malleable or nodular, and how these characteristics influence its use in engineering and manufacturing.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" 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