{"id":2589,"date":"2025-05-06T09:58:50","date_gmt":"2025-05-06T01:58:50","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.ductileironsuppliers.com\/?p=2589"},"modified":"2025-05-30T15:23:41","modified_gmt":"2025-05-30T07:23:41","slug":"is-ductile-iron-conductive-electrical-and-thermal-properties-explained","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.ductileironsuppliers.com\/ar\/is-ductile-iron-conductive-electrical-and-thermal-properties-explained.html","title":{"rendered":"\u0647\u0644 \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0627\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0648\u0635\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0621\u061f \u0634\u0631\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>\u064a\u0634\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0627\u064a\u0644\u060c 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\u0648\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0634\u062a\u064a\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0644\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629. \u0641\u064a \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0627\u064a\u0644\u060c \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u062a \u0648\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0641\u0648\u0641\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0644\u064a\u062a) \u062f\u0648\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u064b\u0627. \u062a\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0641\u0648\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u064a\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0627\u062d \u0628\u062a\u062f\u0641\u0642 \u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0633\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0629\u060c \u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0624\u0644\u0624\u064a\u0629 - \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u064a\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0646\u062a - \u062a\u064f\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u062a\u062a.<\/p>\n<h2 class=\"\" data-start=\"235\" data-end=\"278\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"bbcc09f2-d605-4c96-b05f-44f283986235\" data-immersive-translate-paragraph=\"1\">3. \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0627\u064a\u0644<\/h2>\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"280\" data-end=\"726\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"bbcc09f2-d605-4c96-b05f-44f283986235\" data-immersive-translate-paragraph=\"1\">\u0641\u064a \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0627\u064a\u0644 \u064a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0641\u064a \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0627\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0641\u0648\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0628\u0646\u064a\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0647\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0629 - \u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0645\u062c\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0635\u0641\u0648\u0641\u0629 \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629\/\u0628\u0631\u0644\u064a\u062a\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 - \u062a\u064f\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u062a\u0634\u062a\u062a \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0631\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629\u064b \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u064a \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0643. \u0646\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0623\u062f\u0646\u0627\u0647 \u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0646\u0641\u062d\u0635 \u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0643 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<h3 class=\"\" data-start=\"728\" data-end=\"773\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"bbcc09f2-d605-4c96-b05f-44f283986235\" data-immersive-translate-paragraph=\"1\">3.1 \u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u064a\u0629<\/h3>\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"775\" data-end=\"1295\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"bbcc09f2-d605-4c96-b05f-44f283986235\" data-immersive-translate-paragraph=\"1\">\u064a\u064f\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0627\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f 49-56\u00d710\u00d710 \u03a9-\u0645 \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644 4.9-5.6\u00d710\u00d710-\u0645.<br data-start=\"958\" data-end=\"961\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"bbcc09f2-d605-4c96-b05f-44f283986235\" \/>\u0623\u0628\u0644\u063a \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 MatWeb \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0623\u0648\u0633\u0639 \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u064a\u0628\u0644\u063a \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a 0.0000447 \u03a9-\u0633\u0645 (4.47 \u00d7 10 \u00d7 10 \u2077 \u03a9-\u0645) \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u0627\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062d\u0647\u0627.<br data-start=\"1114\" data-end=\"1117\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"bbcc09f2-d605-4c96-b05f-44f283986235\" \/>\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0627\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629\u060c \u064a\u064f\u0638\u0647\u0631 MatWeb \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0648\u062d \u0628\u064a\u0646 0.00000500 \u0625\u0644\u0649 0.000102 \u03a9-\u0633\u0645 (5\u00d710- \u2078 \u03a9-\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 1.02\u00d710- \u2076 \u03a9-\u0645).<\/p>\n<h3 class=\"\" data-start=\"1297\" data-end=\"1334\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"bbcc09f2-d605-4c96-b05f-44f283986235\" data-immersive-translate-paragraph=\"1\">3.2 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a ASTM<\/h3>\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"1336\" data-end=\"1502\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"bbcc09f2-d605-4c96-b05f-44f283986235\" data-immersive-translate-paragraph=\"1\">\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a ASTM A536 \u062a\u062a\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0630\u0643\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0647\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0647\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0641\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0623\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642:<\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"1503\" data-end=\"1995\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"bbcc09f2-d605-4c96-b05f-44f283986235\">\n<li class=\"\" data-start=\"1503\" data-end=\"1645\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"bbcc09f2-d605-4c96-b05f-44f283986235\">\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"1505\" data-end=\"1645\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"bbcc09f2-d605-4c96-b05f-44f283986235\" data-immersive-translate-paragraph=\"1\"><strong data-start=\"1505\" data-end=\"1527\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"bbcc09f2-d605-4c96-b05f-44f283986235\">\u0623\u0633\u062a\u0645 A536 A536 65-45-12<\/strong> (\u0645\u0635\u0641\u0648\u0641\u0629 \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629-\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0644\u064a\u062a\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0637\u0629) \u062a\u062a\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637: ~5.0\u00d75.0\u00d710- \u2077 \u03a9-\u0645.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"\" data-start=\"1646\" data-end=\"1807\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"bbcc09f2-d605-4c96-b05f-44f283986235\">\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"1648\" data-end=\"1807\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"bbcc09f2-d605-4c96-b05f-44f283986235\" data-immersive-translate-paragraph=\"1\"><strong data-start=\"1648\" data-end=\"1670\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"bbcc09f2-d605-4c96-b05f-44f283986235\">\u0623\u0633\u062a\u0645 A536 A536 60-40-18<\/strong> (\u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629) \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0646\u0649 (\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a 4.9 \u00d7 10 \u00d7 10 \u03a9-\u0645) \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0642\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0644\u064a\u062a.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"\" data-start=\"1808\" data-end=\"1995\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"bbcc09f2-d605-4c96-b05f-44f283986235\">\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"1810\" data-end=\"1995\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"bbcc09f2-d605-4c96-b05f-44f283986235\" data-immersive-translate-paragraph=\"1\"><strong data-start=\"1810\" data-end=\"1832\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"bbcc09f2-d605-4c96-b05f-44f283986235\">\u0623\u0633\u062a\u0645 A536 80-55-06<\/strong> (\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0644\u064a\u062a) \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0642\u062a\u0631\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 (\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a 5.6 \u00d7 10 \u00d7 10 \u03a9-\u0645) \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u0634\u062a\u062a \u0635\u0641\u0627\u0626\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0644\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 class=\"\" data-start=\"1997\" data-end=\"2048\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"bbcc09f2-d605-4c96-b05f-44f283986235\" data-immersive-translate-paragraph=\"1\">3.3 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0643 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/h3>\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"2050\" data-end=\"2207\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"bbcc09f2-d605-4c96-b05f-44f283986235\" data-immersive-translate-paragraph=\"1\">\u062a\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0630\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0643 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0641\u0624 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0637\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0634\u062a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629. \u0641\u064a \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0627\u064a\u0644<\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"2208\" data-end=\"2703\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"bbcc09f2-d605-4c96-b05f-44f283986235\">\n<li class=\"\" data-start=\"2208\" data-end=\"2375\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"bbcc09f2-d605-4c96-b05f-44f283986235\">\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"2210\" data-end=\"2375\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"bbcc09f2-d605-4c96-b05f-44f283986235\" data-immersive-translate-paragraph=\"1\"><strong data-start=\"2210\" data-end=\"2236\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"bbcc09f2-d605-4c96-b05f-44f283986235\">\u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0643\u0644 (\u0646\u064a\u0643\u0644 (Ni\u060c \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a 8.21 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0632\u0646 %)<\/strong> \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0630\u0627\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u064a\u062a \u064a\u0631\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a 10-15% \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u064a \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u062a\u0634\u062a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0628.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"\" data-start=\"2376\" data-end=\"2516\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"bbcc09f2-d605-4c96-b05f-44f283986235\">\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"2378\" data-end=\"2516\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"bbcc09f2-d605-4c96-b05f-44f283986235\" data-immersive-translate-paragraph=\"1\"><strong data-start=\"2378\" data-end=\"2404\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"bbcc09f2-d605-4c96-b05f-44f283986235\">\u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633 (\u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633\u060c \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a 0.60 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0632\u0646 %)<\/strong> \u064a\u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0636\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0643\u0644.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"\" data-start=\"2517\" data-end=\"2703\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"bbcc09f2-d605-4c96-b05f-44f283986235\">\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"2519\" data-end=\"2703\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"bbcc09f2-d605-4c96-b05f-44f283986235\" data-immersive-translate-paragraph=\"1\"><strong data-start=\"2519\" data-end=\"2546\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"bbcc09f2-d605-4c96-b05f-44f283986235\">\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 (\u0633\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 (Si\u060c ~ 2.67 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0632\u0646 %)<\/strong> \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0630\u0648 \u0634\u0642\u064a\u0646: \u0641\u0647\u0648 \u064a\u0639\u062f\u0651\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0647\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0641\u0648\u0641\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0644\u064a\u062a) \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629\u064b.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"2705\" data-end=\"2918\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"bbcc09f2-d605-4c96-b05f-44f283986235\" data-immersive-translate-paragraph=\"1\">\u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u060c \u064a\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0643 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649\u061b \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0647\u0631\u064a\u0629 (\u062a\u0639\u0638\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u064a\u062a \u0648\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0644\u064a\u062a) \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0639\u0648\u0636 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u062c\u0632\u0626\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u062a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u064a.<\/p>\n<hr class=\"\" data-start=\"2920\" data-end=\"2923\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"bbcc09f2-d605-4c96-b05f-44f283986235\" \/>\n<h3 class=\"\" data-start=\"2925\" data-end=\"2962\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"bbcc09f2-d605-4c96-b05f-44f283986235\" data-immersive-translate-paragraph=\"1\">3.4 \u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629<\/h3>\n<div class=\"_tableContainer_16hzy_1\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"bbcc09f2-d605-4c96-b05f-44f283986235\">\n<div class=\"_tableWrapper_16hzy_14 group flex w-fit flex-col-reverse\" tabindex=\"-1\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"bbcc09f2-d605-4c96-b05f-44f283986235\">\n<table class=\"w-fit min-w-(--thread-content-width)\" data-start=\"2964\" data-end=\"3873\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"bbcc09f2-d605-4c96-b05f-44f283986235\">\n<thead data-start=\"2964\" data-end=\"3080\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"bbcc09f2-d605-4c96-b05f-44f283986235\">\n<tr data-start=\"2964\" data-end=\"3080\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"bbcc09f2-d605-4c96-b05f-44f283986235\">\n<th data-start=\"2964\" data-end=\"2991\" data-col-size=\"sm\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"bbcc09f2-d605-4c96-b05f-44f283986235\" data-immersive-translate-paragraph=\"1\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f<\/th>\n<th data-start=\"2991\" data-end=\"3042\" data-col-size=\"sm\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"bbcc09f2-d605-4c96-b05f-44f283986235\" data-immersive-translate-paragraph=\"1\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629 (\u03a9-\u0645)<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody data-start=\"3198\" data-end=\"3873\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"bbcc09f2-d605-4c96-b05f-44f283986235\">\n<tr data-start=\"3198\" data-end=\"3331\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"bbcc09f2-d605-4c96-b05f-44f283986235\">\n<td data-start=\"3198\" data-end=\"3225\" data-col-size=\"sm\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"bbcc09f2-d605-4c96-b05f-44f283986235\" data-immersive-translate-paragraph=\"1\">\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0627\u064a\u0644 (\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u064a)<\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"3225\" data-end=\"3276\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"bbcc09f2-d605-4c96-b05f-44f283986235\" data-immersive-translate-paragraph=\"1\">4.9 - 5.6 \u00d710-\u2077<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr data-start=\"3332\" data-end=\"3467\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"bbcc09f2-d605-4c96-b05f-44f283986235\">\n<td data-start=\"3332\" data-end=\"3359\" data-col-size=\"sm\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"bbcc09f2-d605-4c96-b05f-44f283986235\" data-immersive-translate-paragraph=\"1\">\u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0627\u062f\u064a (ASTM 40)<\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"3359\" data-end=\"3410\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"bbcc09f2-d605-4c96-b05f-44f283986235\" data-immersive-translate-paragraph=\"1\">1.1 \u00d710-\u2077<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr data-start=\"3468\" data-end=\"3602\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"bbcc09f2-d605-4c96-b05f-44f283986235\">\n<td data-start=\"3468\" data-end=\"3495\" data-col-size=\"sm\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"bbcc09f2-d605-4c96-b05f-44f283986235\" data-immersive-translate-paragraph=\"1\">\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0646\u0642\u064a<\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"3495\" data-end=\"3546\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"bbcc09f2-d605-4c96-b05f-44f283986235\" data-immersive-translate-paragraph=\"1\">9.61 \u00d710-\u2078<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr data-start=\"3603\" data-end=\"3738\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"bbcc09f2-d605-4c96-b05f-44f283986235\">\n<td data-start=\"3603\" data-end=\"3630\" data-col-size=\"sm\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"bbcc09f2-d605-4c96-b05f-44f283986235\" data-immersive-translate-paragraph=\"1\">\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a<\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"3630\" data-end=\"3681\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"bbcc09f2-d605-4c96-b05f-44f283986235\" data-immersive-translate-paragraph=\"1\">1.5 \u00d710-\u2077<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr data-start=\"3739\" data-end=\"3873\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"bbcc09f2-d605-4c96-b05f-44f283986235\">\n<td data-start=\"3739\" data-end=\"3766\" data-col-size=\"sm\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"bbcc09f2-d605-4c96-b05f-44f283986235\" data-immersive-translate-paragraph=\"1\">\u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633<\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"3766\" data-end=\"3817\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"bbcc09f2-d605-4c96-b05f-44f283986235\" data-immersive-translate-paragraph=\"1\">1.678 \u00d710-\u2078<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<div class=\"sticky end-(--thread-content-margin) h-0 self-end select-none\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"bbcc09f2-d605-4c96-b05f-44f283986235\">\n<div class=\"absolute end-0 flex items-end\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"bbcc09f2-d605-4c96-b05f-44f283986235\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"3875\" data-end=\"4046\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"bbcc09f2-d605-4c96-b05f-44f283986235\" data-immersive-translate-paragraph=\"1\">\u064a\u0633\u0644\u0637 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0627\u064a\u0644 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a 3-5 \u0623\u0636\u0639\u0627\u0641 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a \u0648\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a 30 \u0636\u0639\u0641\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0643\u0633 \u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u062a \u0648\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0643.<\/p>\n<h2 class=\"\" data-start=\"200\" data-end=\"226\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"bbcc09f2-d605-4c96-b05f-44f283986235\" data-immersive-translate-paragraph=\"1\">4. \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/h2>\n<h3 class=\"\" data-start=\"228\" data-end=\"265\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"bbcc09f2-d605-4c96-b05f-44f283986235\" data-immersive-translate-paragraph=\"1\">4.1 \u0622\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629<\/h3>\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"266\" data-end=\"778\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"bbcc09f2-d605-4c96-b05f-44f283986235\" data-immersive-translate-paragraph=\"1\">\u064a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0646\u0627\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0646: \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0647\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0643\u064a\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0646\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a). \u0641\u064a \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0627\u064a\u0644 \u060c \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u0631\u0628 \u0645\u0646 70-80% \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0642\u064a \u0639\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0646\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u0647\u064a\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0641\u0629 . \u062a\u0642\u0637\u0639 \u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u062a \u0643\u0644\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0646: \u0641\u0647\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0634\u062a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0646\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646-\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u062a .<\/p>\n<h3 class=\"\" data-start=\"780\" data-end=\"825\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"bbcc09f2-d605-4c96-b05f-44f283986235\" data-immersive-translate-paragraph=\"1\">4.2 \u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u064a\u0629<\/h3>\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"826\" data-end=\"976\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"bbcc09f2-d605-4c96-b05f-44f283986235\" data-immersive-translate-paragraph=\"1\">\u0639\u0646\u062f \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 20 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0626\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062a\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0648\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0627\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0646 36 \u0625\u0644\u0649 52 \u0648\u0627\u0637\/\u0645-\u0643 \u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0647\u0631\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"977\" data-end=\"1152\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"bbcc09f2-d605-4c96-b05f-44f283986235\">\n<li class=\"\" data-start=\"977\" data-end=\"1007\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"bbcc09f2-d605-4c96-b05f-44f283986235\">\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"979\" data-end=\"1007\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"bbcc09f2-d605-4c96-b05f-44f283986235\" data-immersive-translate-paragraph=\"1\">\u0627\u0644\u0631\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629: \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a 52 \u0648\u0627\u0637\/\u0645-\u0643<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"\" data-start=\"1008\" data-end=\"1152\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"bbcc09f2-d605-4c96-b05f-44f283986235\">\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"1010\" data-end=\"1152\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"bbcc09f2-d605-4c96-b05f-44f283986235\" data-immersive-translate-paragraph=\"1\">\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0624\u0644\u0624\u064a\u0629: ~ 36 \u0648\u0627\u0637\/\u0645-\u0643<br data-start=\"1037\" data-end=\"1040\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"bbcc09f2-d605-4c96-b05f-44f283986235\" \/>\u062a\u0642\u0639 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0627\u062f\u064a (\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a 54 \u0648\u0627\u0637\/\u0645-\u0643) \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0628 (\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a 60 \u0648\u0627\u0637\/\u0645-\u0643).<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 class=\"\" data-start=\"1154\" data-end=\"1186\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"bbcc09f2-d605-4c96-b05f-44f283986235\" data-immersive-translate-paragraph=\"1\">4.3 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629<\/h3>\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"1187\" data-end=\"1410\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"bbcc09f2-d605-4c96-b05f-44f283986235\" data-immersive-translate-paragraph=\"1\">\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629\u060c \u064a\u0632\u062f\u0627\u062f \u062a\u0634\u062a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646-\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0646\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u0644\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629. \u062a\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636 \u0645\u0648\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0627\u064a\u0644 \u0628\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a 0.02 \u0648\u0627\u0637\/\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0646 \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0626\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0648\u0642 100 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0626\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0635\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a 30 \u0648\u0627\u0637\/\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0646 \u0639\u0646\u062f 400 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0626\u0648\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<hr class=\"\" data-start=\"1412\" data-end=\"1415\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"bbcc09f2-d605-4c96-b05f-44f283986235\" \/>\n<h2 class=\"\" data-start=\"1417\" data-end=\"1455\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"bbcc09f2-d605-4c96-b05f-44f283986235\" data-immersive-translate-paragraph=\"1\">5. \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u062b\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/h2>\n<h3 class=\"\" data-start=\"1457\" data-end=\"1501\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"bbcc09f2-d605-4c96-b05f-44f283986235\" data-immersive-translate-paragraph=\"1\">5.1 \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0641\u0648\u0641\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0644\u0627\u064a\u062a<\/h3>\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"1502\" data-end=\"1768\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"bbcc09f2-d605-4c96-b05f-44f283986235\" data-immersive-translate-paragraph=\"1\">\u062a\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0641\u0648\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0643\u0639\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064b\u0627 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0633\u0645\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0641\u0648\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0632\u0632 \u0643\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0635\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 151 \u062a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064a\u062a 3 \u062a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629\u064b \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0641\u0648\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0644\u064a\u062a\u064a\u0651\u0629.<\/p>\n<h3 class=\"\" data-start=\"1770\" data-end=\"1816\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"bbcc09f2-d605-4c96-b05f-44f283986235\" data-immersive-translate-paragraph=\"1\">5.2 \u0645\u0648\u0631\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u062a \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639\u0647<\/h3>\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"1817\" data-end=\"2116\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"bbcc09f2-d605-4c96-b05f-44f283986235\" data-immersive-translate-paragraph=\"1\">\u062a\u062a\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 (&gt;90% \u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0643\u0631\u0648\u064a) \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0633\u062a\u062f\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0641\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0637\u0639 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0646\u0649\u060c \u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u064a\u0647\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0634\u0648\u0631 (\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0628\u0629) \u062a\u062e\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u062a\u062a\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0631\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0631 ~20%.<\/p>\n<h3 class=\"\" data-start=\"2118\" data-end=\"2153\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"bbcc09f2-d605-4c96-b05f-44f283986235\" data-immersive-translate-paragraph=\"1\">5.3 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0628<\/h3>\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"2154\" data-end=\"2363\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"bbcc09f2-d605-4c96-b05f-44f283986235\" data-immersive-translate-paragraph=\"1\">\u0648\u064a\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0633\u0641\u0648\u0631 \u0634\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0628 \u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0648\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u0639\u0637\u0644 \u0643\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u062f\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0646\u0648\u0646\u061b \u0648\u064a\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 S+P \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u0646 0.02 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0632\u0646 % \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0642\u0635\u0649 \u062d\u062f.<\/p>\n<hr class=\"\" data-start=\"2365\" data-end=\"2368\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"bbcc09f2-d605-4c96-b05f-44f283986235\" \/>\n<h2 class=\"\" data-start=\"2370\" data-end=\"2394\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"bbcc09f2-d605-4c96-b05f-44f283986235\" data-immersive-translate-paragraph=\"1\">6. \u062c\u062f\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629<\/h2>\n<div class=\"_tableContainer_16hzy_1\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"bbcc09f2-d605-4c96-b05f-44f283986235\">\n<div class=\"_tableWrapper_16hzy_14 group flex w-fit flex-col-reverse\" tabindex=\"-1\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"bbcc09f2-d605-4c96-b05f-44f283986235\">\n<table class=\"w-fit min-w-(--thread-content-width)\" data-start=\"2396\" data-end=\"3109\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"bbcc09f2-d605-4c96-b05f-44f283986235\">\n<thead data-start=\"2396\" data-end=\"2538\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"bbcc09f2-d605-4c96-b05f-44f283986235\">\n<tr data-start=\"2396\" data-end=\"2538\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"bbcc09f2-d605-4c96-b05f-44f283986235\">\n<th data-start=\"2396\" data-end=\"2423\" data-col-size=\"sm\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"bbcc09f2-d605-4c96-b05f-44f283986235\" data-immersive-translate-paragraph=\"1\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u062a\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062a<\/th>\n<th data-start=\"2423\" data-end=\"2461\" data-col-size=\"sm\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"bbcc09f2-d605-4c96-b05f-44f283986235\" data-immersive-translate-paragraph=\"1\">\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0627\u064a\u0644<\/th>\n<th data-start=\"2461\" data-end=\"2499\" data-col-size=\"sm\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"bbcc09f2-d605-4c96-b05f-44f283986235\" data-immersive-translate-paragraph=\"1\">\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0631\u0645\u0627\u062f\u064a<\/th>\n<th data-start=\"2499\" data-end=\"2538\" data-col-size=\"sm\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"bbcc09f2-d605-4c96-b05f-44f283986235\" data-immersive-translate-paragraph=\"1\">\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody data-start=\"2682\" data-end=\"3109\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"bbcc09f2-d605-4c96-b05f-44f283986235\">\n<tr data-start=\"2682\" data-end=\"2823\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"bbcc09f2-d605-4c96-b05f-44f283986235\">\n<td data-start=\"2682\" data-end=\"2709\" data-col-size=\"sm\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"bbcc09f2-d605-4c96-b05f-44f283986235\" data-immersive-translate-paragraph=\"1\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"2709\" data-end=\"2746\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"bbcc09f2-d605-4c96-b05f-44f283986235\" data-immersive-translate-paragraph=\"1\">4.9-5.6 \u00d7 5.6 \u00d7 10 \u2077 \u03a9-\u0645<\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"2746\" data-end=\"2784\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"bbcc09f2-d605-4c96-b05f-44f283986235\" data-immersive-translate-paragraph=\"1\">1.1 \u00d7 10 \u00d7 10 \u2077 \u03a9-\u0645<\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"2784\" data-end=\"2823\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"bbcc09f2-d605-4c96-b05f-44f283986235\" data-immersive-translate-paragraph=\"1\">1.5 \u00d7 10 \u00d7 10 \u2077 \u03a9-\u0645<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr data-start=\"2824\" data-end=\"2967\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"bbcc09f2-d605-4c96-b05f-44f283986235\">\n<td data-start=\"2824\" data-end=\"2851\" data-col-size=\"sm\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"bbcc09f2-d605-4c96-b05f-44f283986235\" data-immersive-translate-paragraph=\"1\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"2851\" data-end=\"2890\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"bbcc09f2-d605-4c96-b05f-44f283986235\" data-immersive-translate-paragraph=\"1\">36-52 \u0648\u0627\u0637\/\u0645 - \u0643\u0644\u0641\u0646<\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"2890\" data-end=\"2928\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"bbcc09f2-d605-4c96-b05f-44f283986235\" data-immersive-translate-paragraph=\"1\">54 \u0648\u0627\u062a\/\u0645\/\u0643<\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"2928\" data-end=\"2967\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"bbcc09f2-d605-4c96-b05f-44f283986235\" data-immersive-translate-paragraph=\"1\">60 \u0648\u0627\u062a\/\u0645\/\u0643<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr data-start=\"2968\" data-end=\"3109\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"bbcc09f2-d605-4c96-b05f-44f283986235\">\n<td data-start=\"2968\" data-end=\"2995\" data-col-size=\"sm\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"bbcc09f2-d605-4c96-b05f-44f283986235\" data-immersive-translate-paragraph=\"1\">\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u0627\u0641\u0629<\/td>\n<td data-start=\"2995\" data-end=\"3033\" data-col-size=\"sm\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"bbcc09f2-d605-4c96-b05f-44f283986235\" data-immersive-translate-paragraph=\"1\">7.0 \u0625\u0644\u0649 7.2 \u062c\u0645\/\u0633\u0645 \u0645\u0643\u0639\u0628<\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"3033\" data-end=\"3071\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"bbcc09f2-d605-4c96-b05f-44f283986235\" data-immersive-translate-paragraph=\"1\">6.9 \u0625\u0644\u0649 7.2 \u062c\u0645\/\u0633\u0645 \u0645\u0643\u0639\u0628<\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"3071\" data-end=\"3109\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"bbcc09f2-d605-4c96-b05f-44f283986235\" data-immersive-translate-paragraph=\"1\">7.85 \u062c\u0645\/\u0633\u0645 \u0645\u0643\u0639\u0628<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<div class=\"sticky end-(--thread-content-margin) h-0 self-end select-none\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"bbcc09f2-d605-4c96-b05f-44f283986235\">\n<div class=\"absolute end-0 flex items-end\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"bbcc09f2-d605-4c96-b05f-44f283986235\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<hr class=\"\" data-start=\"3111\" data-end=\"3114\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"bbcc09f2-d605-4c96-b05f-44f283986235\" \/>\n<h2 class=\"\" data-start=\"3116\" data-end=\"3151\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"bbcc09f2-d605-4c96-b05f-44f283986235\" data-immersive-translate-paragraph=\"1\">7. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631<\/h2>\n<h3 class=\"\" data-start=\"3153\" data-end=\"3183\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"bbcc09f2-d605-4c96-b05f-44f283986235\" data-immersive-translate-paragraph=\"1\">7.1 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 ISO \u0648 EN<\/h3>\n<ul data-start=\"3184\" data-end=\"3393\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"bbcc09f2-d605-4c96-b05f-44f283986235\">\n<li class=\"\" data-start=\"3184\" data-end=\"3299\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"bbcc09f2-d605-4c96-b05f-44f283986235\">\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"3186\" data-end=\"3299\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"bbcc09f2-d605-4c96-b05f-44f283986235\" data-immersive-translate-paragraph=\"1\"><strong data-start=\"3186\" data-end=\"3199\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"bbcc09f2-d605-4c96-b05f-44f283986235\">ISO 14573<\/strong> - \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0637\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0631\u0628\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0637<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"\" data-start=\"3300\" data-end=\"3393\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"bbcc09f2-d605-4c96-b05f-44f283986235\">\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"3302\" data-end=\"3393\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"bbcc09f2-d605-4c96-b05f-44f283986235\" data-immersive-translate-paragraph=\"1\"><strong data-start=\"3302\" data-end=\"3314\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"bbcc09f2-d605-4c96-b05f-44f283986235\">EN 12457<\/strong> - \u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 class=\"\" data-start=\"3395\" data-end=\"3417\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"bbcc09f2-d605-4c96-b05f-44f283986235\" data-immersive-translate-paragraph=\"1\">7.2 \u0637\u0631\u0642 ASTM<\/h3>\n<ul data-start=\"3418\" data-end=\"3550\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"bbcc09f2-d605-4c96-b05f-44f283986235\">\n<li class=\"\" data-start=\"3418\" data-end=\"3483\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"bbcc09f2-d605-4c96-b05f-44f283986235\">\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"3420\" data-end=\"3483\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"bbcc09f2-d605-4c96-b05f-44f283986235\" data-immersive-translate-paragraph=\"1\"><strong data-start=\"3420\" data-end=\"3433\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"bbcc09f2-d605-4c96-b05f-44f283986235\">ASTM B193<\/strong> - \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0621<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"\" data-start=\"3484\" data-end=\"3550\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"bbcc09f2-d605-4c96-b05f-44f283986235\">\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"3486\" data-end=\"3550\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"bbcc09f2-d605-4c96-b05f-44f283986235\" data-immersive-translate-paragraph=\"1\"><strong data-start=\"3486\" data-end=\"3499\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"bbcc09f2-d605-4c96-b05f-44f283986235\">ASTM E122<\/strong> - \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0648\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062e\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0648\u0633<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<hr class=\"\" data-start=\"3552\" data-end=\"3555\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"bbcc09f2-d605-4c96-b05f-44f283986235\" \/>\n<h2 class=\"\" data-start=\"3557\" data-end=\"3598\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"bbcc09f2-d605-4c96-b05f-44f283986235\" data-immersive-translate-paragraph=\"1\">8. \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/h2>\n<h3 class=\"\" data-start=\"3600\" data-end=\"3642\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"bbcc09f2-d605-4c96-b05f-44f283986235\" data-immersive-translate-paragraph=\"1\">8.1 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0631\u064a\u0636 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a<\/h3>\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"3643\" data-end=\"3855\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"bbcc09f2-d605-4c96-b05f-44f283986235\" data-immersive-translate-paragraph=\"1\">\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u064f\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u062e\u0637\u0648\u0637 \u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0627\u064a\u0644 \u0643\u0623\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0628 \u062a\u0623\u0631\u064a\u0636\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u062d\u0634\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u0637 \u0644\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 &lt;5 \u03a9.<\/p>\n<h3 class=\"\" data-start=\"3857\" data-end=\"3882\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"bbcc09f2-d605-4c96-b05f-44f283986235\" data-immersive-translate-paragraph=\"1\">8.2 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/h3>\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"3883\" data-end=\"4067\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"bbcc09f2-d605-4c96-b05f-44f283986235\" data-immersive-translate-paragraph=\"1\">\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0648\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0634\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0641\u0626\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0643\u064a\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0645\u0634\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0631 81 \u062a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064a\u062a 3 \u062a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064a\u062a \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629\u064b \u0628\u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0627\u062f\u064a.<\/p>\n<h3 class=\"\" data-start=\"4069\" data-end=\"4098\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"bbcc09f2-d605-4c96-b05f-44f283986235\" data-immersive-translate-paragraph=\"1\">8.3 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062b\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629<\/h3>\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"4099\" data-end=\"4319\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"bbcc09f2-d605-4c96-b05f-44f283986235\" data-immersive-translate-paragraph=\"1\">\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0627\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0641\u0648\u0646\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0627\u064a\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0648\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0645\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<hr class=\"\" data-start=\"4321\" data-end=\"4324\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"bbcc09f2-d605-4c96-b05f-44f283986235\" \/>\n<h2 class=\"\" data-start=\"4326\" data-end=\"4356\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"bbcc09f2-d605-4c96-b05f-44f283986235\" data-immersive-translate-paragraph=\"1\">9. \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/h2>\n<h3 class=\"\" data-start=\"4358\" data-end=\"4384\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"bbcc09f2-d605-4c96-b05f-44f283986235\" data-immersive-translate-paragraph=\"1\">9.1 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643\u0629<\/h3>\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"4385\" data-end=\"4542\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"bbcc09f2-d605-4c96-b05f-44f283986235\" data-immersive-translate-paragraph=\"1\">\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0634\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u0633\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0621\u061b \u0642\u0645 \u0628\u062a\u0636\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0634\u0631\u0637\u0629 \u0633\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0648 \u0625\u062f\u062e\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645 \u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621.<\/p>\n<h3 class=\"\" data-start=\"4544\" data-end=\"4572\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"bbcc09f2-d605-4c96-b05f-44f283986235\" data-immersive-translate-paragraph=\"1\">9.2 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d\u064a\u0629<\/h3>\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"4573\" data-end=\"4718\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"bbcc09f2-d605-4c96-b05f-44f283986235\" data-immersive-translate-paragraph=\"1\">\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0628\u0648\u0643\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u0632\u0644\u061b \u062a\u062b\u0642\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0646\u0642\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u0637 \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u0635\u0644\u0629 (\u063a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0632\u0646\u0643) \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0644.<\/p>\n<h3 class=\"\" data-start=\"4720\" data-end=\"4741\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"bbcc09f2-d605-4c96-b05f-44f283986235\" data-immersive-translate-paragraph=\"1\">9.3 \u0646\u0635\u0627\u0626\u062d \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 9.3<\/h3>\n<ul data-start=\"4742\" data-end=\"4900\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"bbcc09f2-d605-4c96-b05f-44f283986235\">\n<li class=\"\" data-start=\"4742\" data-end=\"4785\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"bbcc09f2-d605-4c96-b05f-44f283986235\">\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"4744\" data-end=\"4785\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"bbcc09f2-d605-4c96-b05f-44f283986235\" data-immersive-translate-paragraph=\"1\">\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0631\u064a\u0636 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0646\u0649<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"\" data-start=\"4786\" data-end=\"4850\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"bbcc09f2-d605-4c96-b05f-44f283986235\">\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"4788\" data-end=\"4850\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"bbcc09f2-d605-4c96-b05f-44f283986235\" data-immersive-translate-paragraph=\"1\">\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f\u0627\u062a (&gt;95%) \u0644\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0635\u0644\u0629<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"\" data-start=\"4851\" data-end=\"4900\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"bbcc09f2-d605-4c96-b05f-44f283986235\">\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"4853\" data-end=\"4900\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"bbcc09f2-d605-4c96-b05f-44f283986235\" data-immersive-translate-paragraph=\"1\">\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0648\u0633\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0633 \u0645\u0633\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u062b\u0628\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0628\u0643<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2 class=\"\" data-start=\"227\" data-end=\"246\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"bbcc09f2-d605-4c96-b05f-44f283986235\" data-immersive-translate-paragraph=\"1\">10. \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629<\/h2>\n<h3 class=\"\" data-start=\"248\" data-end=\"287\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"bbcc09f2-d605-4c96-b05f-44f283986235\" data-immersive-translate-paragraph=\"1\">10.1 \u062a\u0623\u0631\u064a\u0636 \u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0629<\/h3>\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"289\" data-end=\"845\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"bbcc09f2-d605-4c96-b05f-44f283986235\" data-immersive-translate-paragraph=\"1\">\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u064f\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0627\u064a\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0631\u064a\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629. \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0645 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0631\u064a\u0636 \u0639\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0627\u064a\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629. \u062a\u0645 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0627\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0646\u062f 0.0000050 \u0623\u0648\u0645-\u0633\u0645 \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0623\u0631\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0636\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0637\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629. \u064a\u0648\u0636\u062d \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u0621\u0645\u0629 \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0627\u064a\u0644 \u0644\u0623\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0631\u064a\u0636 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642.<\/p>\n<h3 class=\"\" data-start=\"847\" data-end=\"888\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"bbcc09f2-d605-4c96-b05f-44f283986235\" data-immersive-translate-paragraph=\"1\">10.2 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a<\/h3>\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"890\" data-end=\"1354\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"bbcc09f2-d605-4c96-b05f-44f283986235\" data-immersive-translate-paragraph=\"1\">\u064a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0627\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u062f\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0628\u062d \u0648\u0643\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0638\u0647\u0631\u062a \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0623\u062c\u0631\u064a\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0628\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0627\u064a\u0644 ASTM A536 65-45-12 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 ASTM A536 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0628\u0644\u063a \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a 36 \u0648\u0627\u0637\/\u0645-\u0643 \u064a\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0628\u062a\u0628\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u0644\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0637\u0631 \u062a\u0644\u0627\u0634\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0628\u062d \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062f\u064a\u062f. \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0639\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0645\u062c\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n<h3 class=\"\" data-start=\"1356\" data-end=\"1398\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"bbcc09f2-d605-4c96-b05f-44f283986235\" data-immersive-translate-paragraph=\"1\">10.3 \u062a\u0635\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629<\/h3>\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"1400\" data-end=\"1905\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"bbcc09f2-d605-4c96-b05f-44f283986235\" data-immersive-translate-paragraph=\"1\">\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u064a\u064f\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0627\u064a\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0623\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0644 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0627\u064a\u0644 ASTM A536 80-55-06 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 ASTM A536 80-55-06\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a \u064a\u0628\u0644\u063a \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a 32.3 \u0648\u0627\u0637\/\u0645-\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0646 \u0623\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629. \u0625\u0646 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0642\u062f\u0631\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u0639\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u062e\u064a\u0627\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u062f\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0645\u0631\u0647.<\/p>\n<hr class=\"\" data-start=\"1907\" data-end=\"1910\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"bbcc09f2-d605-4c96-b05f-44f283986235\" \/>\n<h2 class=\"\" data-start=\"1912\" data-end=\"1952\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"bbcc09f2-d605-4c96-b05f-44f283986235\" data-immersive-translate-paragraph=\"1\">11. \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639\u0629 (FAQs)<\/h2>\n<h3 class=\"\" data-start=\"1954\" data-end=\"2011\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"bbcc09f2-d605-4c96-b05f-44f283986235\" data-immersive-translate-paragraph=\"1\">11.1 \u0647\u0644 \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0627\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0648\u0635\u0650\u0651\u0644 \u062c\u064a\u062f \u0644\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0621\u061f<\/h3>\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"2013\" data-end=\"2581\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"bbcc09f2-d605-4c96-b05f-44f283986235\" data-immersive-translate-paragraph=\"1\">\u064a\u064f\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0627\u064a\u0644 \u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629\u064b \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649. \u0648\u062a\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0648\u062d \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u062a\u0647 \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629\u064b \u0645\u0646 0.0000050 \u0625\u0644\u0649 0.000000060 \u0623\u0648\u0645-\u0633\u0645 \u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0643. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0645\u0648\u0635\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0627\u064a\u0644 \u0643\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0631\u064a\u0636 \u0648\u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0646\u064a\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0647\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644\u0647 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u0644\u0629.<\/p>\n<h3 class=\"\" data-start=\"2583\" data-end=\"2641\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"bbcc09f2-d605-4c96-b05f-44f283986235\" data-immersive-translate-paragraph=\"1\">11.2 \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u062a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629\u061f<\/h3>\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"2643\" data-end=\"3228\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"bbcc09f2-d605-4c96-b05f-44f283986235\" data-immersive-translate-paragraph=\"1\">\u064a\u0644\u0639\u0628 \u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u062f\u064a \u0641\u064a \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0627\u064a\u0644 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0647\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0635\u0644\u0629. \u0648\u064a\u0642\u0644\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0648\u064a \u0644\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0642\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u064a\u0639\u0632\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629. \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0642\u0637\u0639 \u062a\u062f\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629. \u0648\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629\u064b \u0643\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0626\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a. \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0633\u0651\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0645\u0648\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0642\u0644\u0644 \u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<h3 class=\"\" data-start=\"3230\" data-end=\"3297\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"bbcc09f2-d605-4c96-b05f-44f283986235\" data-immersive-translate-paragraph=\"1\">11.3 \u0647\u0644 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0627\u064a\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0623\u0631\u064a\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629\u061f<\/h3>\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"3299\" data-end=\"3787\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"bbcc09f2-d605-4c96-b05f-44f283986235\" data-immersive-translate-paragraph=\"1\">\u0646\u0639\u0645\u060c \u064a\u0634\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0627\u064a\u0644 \u0644\u0623\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0631\u064a\u0636 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629. \u0625\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0642\u0648\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062c\u0639\u0644\u0647 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0642\u0636\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0631\u064a\u0636 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0635\u0644\u0629. \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u060c \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0627\u064a\u0644 ASTM A536 A536 65-45-12 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0627\u064a\u0644 ASTM A536 A536 65-45-12\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u0628\u0644\u063a \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a 0.000000050 \u0623\u0648\u0645-\u0633\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0631\u064a\u0636. \u064a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0631\u064a\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<h3 class=\"\" data-start=\"3789\" data-end=\"3881\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"bbcc09f2-d605-4c96-b05f-44f283986235\" data-immersive-translate-paragraph=\"1\">11.4 \u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0642 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0627\u064a\u0644\u061f<\/h3>\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"3883\" data-end=\"4507\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"bbcc09f2-d605-4c96-b05f-44f283986235\" data-immersive-translate-paragraph=\"1\">\u062a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0642\u062f\u0631\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a. \u0641\u064a \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0627\u064a\u0644\u060c \u062a\u062a\u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0641\u0648\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0643\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0648\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 32.3 \u0625\u0644\u0649 52 \u0648\u0627\u0637\/\u0645-\u0643. \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649\u060c \u062a\u062a\u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0648\u062d \u0645\u0646 0.0000050 \u0625\u0644\u0649 0.000000060 \u0623\u0648\u0645-\u0633\u0645. \u0648\u062a\u0639\u062f \u0643\u0644\u062a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u064a\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0628\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0645\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<h3 class=\"\" data-start=\"4509\" data-end=\"4569\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"bbcc09f2-d605-4c96-b05f-44f283986235\" data-immersive-translate-paragraph=\"1\">11.5 \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u062a\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a ASTM \u0641\u064a \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0644\u061f<\/h3>\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"4571\" data-end=\"5149\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"bbcc09f2-d605-4c96-b05f-44f283986235\" data-immersive-translate-paragraph=\"1\">\u062a\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0641\u0629 ASTM A536 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0627\u064a\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629. \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u060c \u062a\u064f\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 ASTM A536 A536 65-45-12\u060c \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0641\u0648\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0624\u0644\u0624\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u0628\u0644\u063a \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a 0.000000050 \u0623\u0648\u0645-\u0633\u0645. \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u064a\u0636 \u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u062a\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 ASTM A536 A536 80-55-06\u060c \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0624\u0644\u0624\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0627\u064b \u062a\u0628\u0644\u063a \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a 0.000000060 \u0623\u0648\u0645-\u0633\u0645. \u0648\u062a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0643\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0647\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629.<\/p>\n<h3 class=\"\" data-start=\"5151\" data-end=\"5218\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"bbcc09f2-d605-4c96-b05f-44f283986235\" data-immersive-translate-paragraph=\"1\">11.6 \u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0633\u0650\u0651\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0627\u064a\u0644\u061f<\/h3>\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"5220\" data-end=\"5743\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"bbcc09f2-d605-4c96-b05f-44f283986235\" data-immersive-translate-paragraph=\"1\">\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0639\u0632\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0627\u064a\u0644. \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0632\u0646\u0643 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0642\u0644\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d. \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0621 \u064a\u0642\u0644\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0643\u0627\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0648\u0642\u0634\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u0627\u0632\u0644\u0629. \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0631\u064a\u0636\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0627\u0632\u0644\u0629. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u062d\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u0638\u0645 \u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a.<\/p>\n<hr class=\"\" data-start=\"5745\" data-end=\"5748\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"bbcc09f2-d605-4c96-b05f-44f283986235\" \/>\n<h2 class=\"\" data-start=\"5750\" data-end=\"5767\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"bbcc09f2-d605-4c96-b05f-44f283986235\" data-immersive-translate-paragraph=\"1\">12. \u062e\u0627\u062a\u0645\u0629<\/h2>\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"5769\" data-end=\"6383\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"bbcc09f2-d605-4c96-b05f-44f283986235\" data-immersive-translate-paragraph=\"1\">\u064a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0627\u064a\u0644\u060c \u0628\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0628\u0646\u064a\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0647\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0643\u060c \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646\u0627\u064b \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u0644. \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0636\u0627\u0647\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635\u0647 \u062a\u062c\u0639\u0644\u0647 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u064a\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0641\u0648\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0643 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0628\u062f\u0621\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0631\u064a\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639:<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ductile_iron\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0627\u064a\u0644 - \u0648\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0628\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0627<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.astm.org\/PRODUCTS\/SPECIFICATION\/A536.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">ASTM A536 - \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0633\u0628\u0648\u0643\u0627\u062a \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0627\u064a\u0644<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.iso.org\/standard\/70892.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">ISO 14573: \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0637\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0631\u0628\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0637<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.engineeringtoolbox.com\/thermal-conductivity-d_429.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f - \u0635\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u064a\u0629<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.metalcastingdesign.com\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0633\u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646 \u0648\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0624\u0647\u0627 - \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Ductile iron, known for its strength and flexibility, is commonly used in pipes, automotive parts, and construction. But is ductile iron conductive? While it contains iron, its electrical conductivity is limited due to its graphite microstructure. 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